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Guide to Mid-Rise Wood Construction in the Ontario Building Code

Second Edition Applicable to the 2024 OBC (O. Reg. 163/24) – In Effect January 1, 2025 Overview The Guide to Mid-Rise Wood Construction in the Ontario Building Code (Second Edition) provides a technical overview of the provisions permitting 5- and 6-storey combustible (wood) construction under the 2024 Ontario Building Code. Developed by WoodWorks Ontario / the Canadian Wood Council, this updated edition reflects O. Reg. 163/24 and recent amendments affecting mid-rise residential (Group C) and office (Group D) buildings. The Guide identifies key requirements, conditions, and limitations associated with mid-rise wood construction and is intended to support architects, engineers, builders, regulators, and code professionals working in Ontario. What’s Included This technical reference outlines: Height and building area limits for 5- and 6-storey wood buildings Fire-resistance requirements for floors, roofs, mezzanines, and loadbearing assemblies Sprinkler system requirements (NFPA 13 vs. 13R) Combustible cladding limitations and compliance pathways Fire blocking and concealed space requirements Fire department access and street-facing provisions Emergency power enhancements Structural and seismic design considerations Mixed-use building permissions and occupancy separation requirements The Guide focuses on new construction and is intended to be used in conjunction with the Ontario Building Code.

Exposed Mass Timber Calculator

The Canadian Wood Council is pleased to introduce a new design tool: the Exposed Mass Timber Calculator. Developed to support practitioners working with encapsulated mass timber construction (EMTC), this tool helps determine whether a compartment design aligns with the 2025 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC). By entering key information about your compartment layout—including size, wall configuration, mass timber elements, and encapsulation details—the calculator evaluates whether the design meets code requirements for exposed mass timber elements. The tool allows users to: Evaluate permissible percentages of exposed mass timber elements (beams, columns, walls, and ceilings) Confirm compliance within suites or fire compartments Identify potential code issues through automated warnings Visualize compartment configurations with a generated 3-D model Review encapsulation requirements and supporting notes   This practical calculator helps architects, engineers, and code professionals explore compliant design options more efficiently when working with mass timber construction. Try the Exposed Mass Timber Calculator   Photo © Tom Arban

WoodWorks Building Tour – Pictou County Mass Timber Buildings

Federal Call for Proposals Opens Under $500M Forest Sector Transformation Investment

February 25, 2026 (Ottawa, ON) — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) welcomes today’s launch of a national Call for Proposals by the Honourable Tim Hodgson, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, under Natural Resources Canada’s forest sector transformation programs. Backed by a $500-million federal commitment, the funding is now open for applications from eligible businesses and organizations across Canada. The call supports projects through four key programs: The Investments in Forest Industry Transformation (IFIT) program The Green Construction Through Wood (GCWood) program The Indigenous Forestry Initiative (IFI) The Global Forest Leadership Program (GloFor)   “This strategic investment comes at a pivotal time for Canada’s forest sector,” said Rick Jeffery, President and CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. “These programs can help accelerate modernization, support innovation, and expand the use of advanced wood solutions—strengthening our industry and opportunities within our domestic market while positioning Canada as a global leader in sustainable construction.” Wood solutions are central to Canada’s built environment and economic future. Expanded use of wood in construction can support housing supply goals, reduce embodied carbon, and create new opportunities for growth and value-added manufacturing. The Canadian Wood Council encourages members, partners, and wood products manufacturers to explore these funding opportunities to: innovate and diversify production strengthen domestic demand expand the use of wood in construction support Indigenous participation access emerging markets   About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, our members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. Our mission is to support our members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. We also deliver technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through our market leading WoodWorks program.   For media inquiries, please contact: Sarah Hicks Communications and Outreach Manager Canadian Wood Council shicks@cwc.ca  | 1-705-796-3381

Webinar: Scaling Affordable Rental Housing with Tall Mass Timber

Wood Design & Building Magazine – Sign Up

  Stay connected to the ideas, projects, and technical insights shaping wood design and construction across Canada and beyond. Wood Design & Building magazine is published six times per year and delivers award-winning projects, expert perspectives, and practical guidance on all forms of wood construction. Whether you’re an architect, engineer, builder, developer, or wood enthusiast, subscribing ensures each issue arrives directly in your inbox—keeping you informed, inspired, and ready to bring more wood into your work.   Wood Design & Building Magazine – Sign Up Email Address * First Name Last Name Company/Organization  

Lunch & Learn: Mass Timber Connections 101 with Western Archrib

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 25, issue 101

Every issue of Wood Design & Building tells a different story about how wood is shaping contemporary construction. Some editions revolve around a clear theme such as our recent issue on strategic additions and adaptive reuse; others, like this one, reflect the diversity of challenges, innovations, and contexts that define wood construction today. What unites the features in this issue is not a single building type or region, but a shared commitment to thoughtful planning, ingenuity, and execution. We begin in the mountains of British Columbia, where the Robson Cabin project pushes the limits of planning and coordination. Accessible only by helicopter, the remote alpine site demanded meticulous preparation, high levels of prefabrication, and an unwavering attention to detail. Alongside the technical complexity, the construction crew also contended with less predictable site conditions—including a persistent population of porcupines, whose curiosity added a memorable twist to an already remarkable build. From there, we turn to one of the most sought-after—and often elusive—topics in the industry: cost. Reliable, project-specific costing data for mass timber buildings remains rare, and cost uncertainty can be a barrier to wider adoption of mass timber construction. This issue features an overview of a new mass timber business case study published by WoodWorks BC, which presents detailed cost, schedule, and design data from three projects. By comparing mass timber systems to conventional construction approaches across three building types, the study offers valuable insight into real-world construction costs, decision-making, and the strategies that can bring mass timber into cost parity. Our final feature takes us to Trenton, Nova Scotia, for a virtual construction tour of the Pictou County Sports Heritage Hall of Fame, a community-focused project being realized through close collaboration between designers, builders, and trades. The one-storey building brings together panelized engineered wood walls, traditional light wood frame construction, and a central mass timber foyer, showcasing a deliberate “right material in the right place” approach. Built using offsite fabrication and carefully sequenced installation, the project demonstrates how coordination and precision can be leveraged to deliver a refined wood building that balances efficiency, constructability, and architectural expression. Together, these stories offer a snapshot of a sector defined by creativity, technical rigor, and resilience—whether navigating rugged mountain terrain, unpacking the realities of construction costs, or reimagining how cultural buildings are delivered. We hope they inform, inspire, and perhaps even entertain.

WoodWorks at BUILDEX: Timber Afterparty

Seminar: Intro to Mass Timber

ProTEKtor II® – Technical Data Sheets

The ProTEKtor II® Technical Data Sheet provides detailed product and performance information for BarrierTEK’s ProTEKtor II® fire-protectant treatment used on wood frame and sheet components. The document is intended for designers, builders, specifiers, and code officials who require clear, concise technical data to support product evaluation and specification. The TDS outlines key product characteristics, application parameters, and performance attributes for treated wood framing members and sheet goods, including compatibility considerations and relevant fire performance data. It serves as a practical reference for understanding how ProTEKtor II® is applied to enhance fire protection in both exposed and concealed wood-frame assemblies. Developed as a technical reference, this data sheet supports accurate specification and informed use of ProTEKtor II®, helping project teams integrate fire-protectant-treated wood products into wood-frame construction with confidence and consistency.

AtTEK – Fire Protection for Attic Applications

The AtTEK® – Fire Protection for Attic Applications Technical Data Sheet provides detailed product and performance information for BarrierTEK’s AtTEK® fire-protectant treatment used in wood-frame attic assemblies. The document is intended for designers, builders, specifiers, and code officials requiring concise technical data to support product evaluation and specification. The TDS outlines key product attributes, application parameters, and performance characteristics relevant to attic framing components, including treatment coverage, compatibility with wood products, and applicable fire performance considerations. It serves as a quick-reference resource for understanding how AtTEK® is used to enhance fire protection in concealed roof spaces. Developed as a technical reference, this data sheet supports accurate specification and informed use of AtTEK® in attic applications, helping project teams integrate fire-protectant-treated wood into wood-frame buildings with clarity and confidence.

Assurance with Insurance

BarrierTEK’s Assurance with Insurance document outlines how the use of BarrierTEK fire-protectant-treated wood products can support risk management and insurance considerations in wood-frame construction. The resource is intended for building owners, developers, designers, and construction professionals seeking greater clarity on how fire performance measures may influence insurability and project risk profiles. The document discusses the role of fire-protectant treatments in reducing fire risk, with a focus on concealed and exposed wood framing applications. It highlights how enhanced fire performance can align with insurer expectations and loss prevention strategies, helping project teams better understand the relationship between material selection, fire safety, and insurance outcomes. Developed as an informational reference, Assurance with Insurance supports informed conversations between project stakeholders and insurance providers, offering insight into how proactive fire protection strategies can contribute to improved confidence and resilience in wood-frame buildings.

ProTEKtor II® – High Performance Fire Protectant for Wood Frame & Sheet Components

BarrierTEK’s ProTEKtor II® – High Performance Fire Protectant for Wood Frame & Sheet Components document provides technical guidance on the use of ProTEKtor II® fire-retardant treatment for improving fire performance in exposed and concealed wood-frame construction. The resource is intended for architects, engineers, builders, and code officials involved in projects where enhanced fire protection for wood framing and sheathing is required. The document describes product properties, treatment processes, and performance characteristics of ProTEKtor II® when applied to wood frame members and sheet goods such as plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). It outlines how the treatment supports fire safety objectives by reducing flame spread and contributing to improved fire resistance across a range of wood-frame assemblies. Developed as a practical technical reference, the ProTEKtor II® document supports informed specification and application of fire-protectant-treated wood products, helping project teams integrate enhanced fire performance into wood-frame buildings while addressing code and design considerations.

AtTEK® – High Performance Fire Protectant for Wood Frame Attic Components

BarrierTEK’s AtTEK® – High Performance Fire Protectant for Wood Frame Attic Components document provides technical information on the use of AtTEK® fire-retardant treatment for enhancing fire performance in concealed wood framing applications. The resource is intended for designers, builders, and code officials involved in wood-frame construction where attic fire protection is a key consideration. The document outlines product characteristics, treatment methods, and performance attributes of AtTEK® when applied to wood frame attic components, including framing members and assemblies located within concealed roof spaces. It describes how the treatment supports fire safety objectives by slowing flame spread and contributing to improved fire performance in vulnerable areas of wood-frame buildings. Developed as a technical reference, the AtTEK® document supports informed decision-making during design, specification, and construction, helping project teams understand how fire-protectant-treated wood can be effectively incorporated into attic assemblies to meet project and code requirements.

Nordic X-Lam Technical Guide

The Nordic X-Lam Technical Guide is a comprehensive technical resource for architects, engineers, and construction professionals designing with cross-laminated timber (CLT) systems from Nordic Structures. The guide provides essential information to support the effective specification and integration of Nordic X-Lam panels in mass timber buildings. The document details panel properties, structural performance, and typical applications, with guidance on sizing, spans, loading conditions, and connections. It also addresses key design considerations including fire performance, acoustics, vibration, and building code compliance, helping project teams evaluate system suitability across a range of project types. Developed as a practical design reference, the Nordic X-Lam Technical Guide supports coordinated, efficient project delivery by providing a clear technical framework for incorporating CLT systems into contemporary wood construction.

Nordic Lam+ Technical Guide

The Nordic Structures LAM+™ Technical Guide is a comprehensive reference for designers, engineers, and builders working with LAM+™ mass timber floor and roof systems. Developed by Nordic Structures, the guide provides practical technical information to support the efficient and reliable specification of LAM+™ panels in a wide range of building types. The document outlines system characteristics, structural performance considerations, and typical applications, with clear guidance on panel configuration, spans, loading, and integration with supporting structural systems. It also addresses key design considerations such as vibration performance, fire resistance, acoustics, and constructability to help project teams make informed decisions early in design. Intended as a design aid, the LAM+™ Technical Guide supports collaboration between architects, structural engineers, and contractors, offering a consistent technical foundation for incorporating LAM+™ systems into mass timber projects.

Successful Delivery Methods for Procuring Mass Timber Buildings in Canada

This document provides guidance on common and effective procurement delivery methods for mass timber buildings in Canada, outlining how different approaches shape responsibility, decision-making, risk allocation, and communication across project teams. Emphasis is placed on the need for flexibility within procurement frameworks to accommodate the unique requirements of mass timber construction. Intended for owners, architects, engineers, contractors, and developers, the guide supports informed selection and implementation of procurement strategies that help address challenges related to supply, detailing, approvals, and delivery, enabling project teams to achieve coordinated, efficient project outcomes.

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 24, issue 100

Reaching one hundred issues is a milestone worthy of both celebration and reflection. Wood Design & Building, once upon a time called Wood le Bois, began as a modest trade magazine dedicated to showcasing excellence in wood architecture. Over the years we added special features and technical content that helped us grow a loyal readership and community of wood design advocates. Recently, our cherished print magazine evolved into a digital, multi-media publication. While this transformation involved a small sense of loss for the printed ways of our past, we remain excited by the expanded potential the new format affords, with a reach far wider than we ever imagined at the outset of this journey. So, while the format may have changed, and content options expanded, our purpose has remained remarkably steady. Issue after issue, we have tried to capture not just great buildings, but the innovations, insights, and architectural aspirations that continue to expand wood’s role in contemporary design and construction. As we look back, there is a sense of gratitude for all that has unfolded across these pages. Past editions captured early explorations in modern timber construction, the resurgence of adaptive reuse, and the steady shift toward high-performance, low-carbon buildings. Today, advances in mass timber systems, hybrid approaches, and industrialized processes are reshaping how buildings come together. Throughout this evolution, wood has been at the center of conversations about sustainability, long-term value, and design expression. The body of work published over the years reflects not only changing technologies but the steady influence of a material with deep cultural and environmental roots. It is fitting that our 100th issue is also our special awards edition, honouring the winners of the 2025 Wood Design & Building Awards. These celebrated projects are the latest chapter in the architectural story we have been privileged to document for decades. What distinguishes them is not only their accomplishment today, but what they suggest about tomorrow: a more sustainable built environment defined by technical excellence, architectural warmth, and memorable experiences that transcend program or scale. To everyone who has contributed, read, shared, and championed this publication—thank you. Reaching 100 issues is deeply meaningful, not because of the number alone, but because it represents a sustained conversation within a community that cares about design, innovation, and the future of building. We remain committed to documenting that evolution, and we look forward to continuing the conversation with you, discovering new stories, and celebrating the work yet to come.

Standard Connections, Issue 1: Gravity – Solutions Paper

Connection design variability is often considered to be a significant cost driver for mass timber projects, yet designers often lack clear guidance on what standard solutions could look like. The purpose of this document is to provide the construction industry with standardized detailing practices that cover a wide range of connections commonly found in mass timber buildings in Canada. These details can be adapted across multiple projects with various design teams and suppliers. The focus is on providing high-capacity, simple installation, and overall cost-effectiveness for timber connections. Six details are presented based on typical beam, column, and wall connections. This document also outlines the design focus areas that were prioritized during detail development. Lastly, a checklist is provided for detailers to ensure that all priorities are considered. Companion 3D versions of these details can downloaded here.

2025 Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships Recognize Students Advancing the Next Generation of Wood Solutions

Ottawa, ON, December 16, 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is pleased to announce three recipients of the 2025 Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarship: Houman Ganjali (University of Northern British Columbia), Kalkidan Tesfaye Shewandagn (McGill University), and Henri Monette (University of Toronto). These exceptional graduate students were selected for their academic excellence and their cutting-edge research advancing innovation in structural wood products and wood-based construction systems. Established twenty years ago, the memorial scholarships honour the legacy of Catherine Lalonde, whose leadership as a professional engineer and president of the CWC helped shape the trajectory of wood design and construction in Canada. Each year, the awards recognize graduate students whose research reflects the same commitment to scientific excellence, industry impact, and passion for wood that Catherine championed throughout her career. This year, the Canadian Wood Council received 51 submissions, a record for the program. The submissions reflected a high level of academic discipline and a strong orientation toward industry-relevant challenges, an indication of both the vitality of the research community and the growing importance of wood-based solutions in the built environment. Houman Ganjali Houman is a 5th year PhD candidate in Engineering at the University of Northern British Columbia. His research investigates the structural performance of point-supported cross-laminated timber (CLT) floors, focusing on the rolling-shear strength of CLT panels and the punching-shear capacity of point-supported systems. His work also examines improved connection strategies along the minor strength axis, reinforcement approaches for point supports, and the creep and vibration behaviour of point-supported floors. Houman’s research culminated in the development of a design proposal for the resistance of point-supported CLT floors, which will be presented to the CSA O86 Technical Committee for potential inclusion in future editions of the standard.   Kalkidan Tesfaye Shewandagn Kalkidan is a 2nd year PhD student in Civil Engineering at McGill University. Her research focuses on the seismic design and performance assessment of wood-frame buildings constructed over podium structures. By integrating experimental testing, nonlinear modelling (OpenSeesPy), and performance-based assessment, her work quantifies the interaction between wood-frame systems and podiums. The resulting guidelines aim to support broader adoption of wood in multi-storey and hybrid buildings across Canada.   Henri Monette Henri is a 4th year PhD candidate in Civil and Mineral Engineering at the University of Toronto. His research explores the development of a high-resistance connector for mass timber structures—an innovative system designed to optimize fibre use by mobilizing the full sectional resistance of connected timber members. By addressing the strength and resilience limitations of current connection technologies, Henri’s work supports mass timber’s ability to compete with and displace traditional materials such as steel and concrete.   “The large number of submissions we received this year signals the impressive depth of wood-focused research underway across Canada,” said Blériot Feujofack, Manager of Wood Education at the Canadian Wood Council. “This year’s scholarship recipients stand as strong examples of the academic excellence demonstrated throughout the applicant pool, distinguished by their clear methodological strength and practical relevance. Their findings hold meaningful value for practitioners, code developers, and industry partners, and will contribute to the continued advancement of wood construction in Canada.” About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, its members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. CWC supports its members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. CWC also delivers technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through its market leading WoodWorks program.

Canadian Wood Council Advances Wood Innovation and Education

Toronto, ON – December 15, 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) welcomes the announcement made today by the Honourable Tim Hodgson, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, at the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. The event celebrated funding for projects that strengthen Canada’s forestry sector and foster innovation in wood-based solutions. CWC received $8.5 million since 2023 to expand the use of wood-based products, broaden education on wood construction and contribute to the advancement of the National Building Code. The Canadian Wood Council deeply values the Government of Canada’s continued leadership in advancing innovative, low-carbon construction through the GCWood Program. This funding has allowed CWC and its WoodWorks program to support design and construction professionals with expert resources, tools, and guidance that help accelerate the adoption of wood construction nationwide. As we continue this work, we will help catalyze sustainable demand for construction solutions that are not only innovative but also replicable and rapidly deployed, approaches that will help address Canada’s housing and affordability challenges at scale. CWC and WoodWorks provide: project based technical assistance to architects, engineers, developers, and builders on wood design and construction; education and training through specialized programs, conferences, webinars, and resources developed for post-secondary students, tradespeople, and construction professionals to support advanced wood construction technologies including mass timber and engineered wood products; expert network development opportunities for industry professionals to connect and share best practices; and sector engagement in national code development to facilitate greater understanding and adoption of advanced, performance-based wood construction.   “GCWood support enables us to provide critical technical advisory services, deliver wood-focused education and training to existing and future practitioners, and contribute to code developments that reflect the evolving strengths of modern wood products and systems. GCWood investments are important, strategic inputs that strengthen Canada’s forestry, manufacturing, and construction sectors. We look forward to building on our work to date as we engage with partners nationwide to accelerate the adoption of sustainable wood solutions and modern methods of construction.” – Rick Jeffrey, President and CEO, Canadian Wood Council. The Canadian Wood Council looks forward to collaborating with partners and stakeholders as these projects move forward, supporting Canada’s leadership in sustainable construction and forestry. Background The Canadian Wood Council received $4,999,536 to increase the use of wood-based solutions, systems, and products in Canada by building proficiency in the use of wood as a construction material through direct technical support, training, awareness, and networking. The Canadian Wood Council received $2,942,610 for a second project to increase the number of educational offerings and content related to wood construction education in order to increase the understanding and acceptance of wood as a building material by post-secondary students, trades and other construction industry professionals. The Canadian Wood Council received $594,000 for a third project to enable the forest industry’s participation over the next three years for code change proposals allowing for the increased use of low-carbon building materials and mass timber in wood buildings for the 2025 and 2030 editions of the National Building Code and to accelerate the adoption of performance-based building codes.   About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, CWC members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. CWC’s mission is to support its members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. CWC also delivers technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through its market leading WoodWorks program. About the National WoodWorks Program The Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program a national outreach initiative dedicated to advancing the use of wood in construction by providing educational opportunities and direct technical support. The program helps architects, engineers, developers and other industry professionals expand their capacity for wood design and construction, contributing to a more sustainable built environment.

Canadian Wood Council Joins Ontario’s Advanced Wood Construction Working Group

Toronto, ON – December 3, 2025  – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) welcomes the Ontario government’s launch of the Advanced Wood Construction Working Group, a strategic team that will guide the implementation of Ontario’s Advanced Wood Construction Action Plan.  The Working Group brings together leaders from across the manufacturing and construction sectors to identify practical ways to expand the use of Ontario-made wood products in homes, businesses, and communities across the province.  “Ontario continues to show leadership in advancing innovative, low-carbon building solutions,” said Rick Jeffery, President and CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. “CWC looks forward to contributing technical expertise and national insight to help deliver on the Action Plan’s goals and grow advanced wood construction in Ontario.”  As part of the Working Group, CWC will collaborate with government and industry partners to accelerate adoption of mass timber and prefabricated wood systems, support code modernization and training, and promote greater use of Ontario’s sustainable wood products in construction.   “Building with wood offers a highly efficient solution for addressing Ontario’s housing needs while supporting the growth of local value-added manufacturing. More industrialized wood construction means more opportunities for skilled workers and their communities. I am proud to support Ontario’s leading role in the evolving construction sector, contributing to a more resilient, efficient, and forward-looking building environment.” Steven Street, Executive Director, WoodWorks Ontario, Canadian Wood Council.  This initiative marks an important step forward in implementing Ontario’s Action Plan and driving investment, innovation, and housing solutions through advanced wood construction.  About the Canadian Wood Council  The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, our members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. Our mission is to support our members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. We also deliver technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through our market leading WoodWorks program. 

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 24, issue 99

As the design and construction industry collectively strives towards a more sustainable built environment, one of the more interesting challenges in architecture today is how to work with what already exists. When existing structures are adapted and repurposed rather than demolished once they outlive their original use, resources are conserved, greenhouse gas emissions are lowered, heritage is preserved, and decarbonization goals are advanced. Whether it’s adapting a historic structure to a new use or extending the life of a contemporary one with a creative renovation or addition, designers are exploring the possibilities and finding ways to integrate wood into projects that build on the foundations of the past, figuratively and literally, to meet the needs of the present. In this issue, two feature stories explore different approaches to giving existing buildings new, expanded purpose. One project breathes new life into a traditional fieldstone barn through adaptive reuse, while another demonstrates how a lightweight mass timber vertical addition can expand an existing apartment building, adding new units to help meet growing housing needs. Both illustrate how wood enables design solutions that are respectful, efficient, and forward-looking. Projects like these remind us that innovation is a form of evolution, and sometimes, the most sustainable, creative, and community-minded choice is to work with what you’ve already got.

Webinar: Timber and Off-Site Construction

Mass Timber Business Case Studies

This document presents a series of business case studies that explore the financial performance of mass timber projects, providing quantitative data and qualitative insights to help developers and investors assess its economic viability. Each case study measures investment success, challenges, and lessons learned from the developer’s and project team’s perspectives. Moreover, by analyzing strategy, risk, revenue, cost and schedule, these case studies enable direct comparisons between mass timber and traditional construction methods. WoodWorks is seeking developers and owners with completed mass timber projects to share data for analysis, supporting education and training in the mass timber sector. The goal is to continuously expand case studies across various sectors and markets. To participate or learn more, please contact a WoodWorks staff member.

Webinar: Emerging Solutions for Mass Timber in Healthcare

Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program Welcomes Rothoblaas Canada as National Partner

Ottawa, Ontario – October 16, 2025 — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is pleased to welcome Rothoblaas Canada as a new national partner of its WoodWorks program. This collaboration aligns two organizations committed to advancing wood construction across Canada through education, technical support, and strategic market development. As demand for high-performance, low-carbon buildings drives greater adoption of mass timber and other engineered wood systems, this partnership will strengthen the technical ecosystem supporting Canada’s construction industry. Leveraging Rothoblaas’s international leadership in structural connection technologies, envelope systems, and on-site safety solutions alongside WoodWorks’ national expertise in education, technical support, and market development, the collaboration will help advance best practices in timber design and construction. Together, the organizations will facilitate knowledge transfer and design innovation to support the integration of wood as a mainstream material in Canadian building projects. “For more than 20 years, WoodWorks has been delivering technical expertise and support to the professionals advancing wood construction across Canada. Partnering with this respected network allows Rothoblaas Canada to share our global engineering experience and help drive innovation in connection systems, building envelope performance, and safe, efficient timber assembly,” says François-Laurent Chabot, General Manager & Region Sales Manager for Rothoblaas Canada. “WoodWorks is proud to collaborate with Rothoblaas Canada to help build industry knowledge and acceptance of modern timber connection systems and other assembly solutions,” says Rick Jeffery, President and CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. “This partnership integrates Rothoblaas Canada’s expertise in engineered connectors and building envelope technologies with WoodWorks’ national platform for education and sector advancement—supporting a more seamless, performance-based approach to wood construction.” Through shared outreach, resource development, and technical education across the country, this national partnership aims to equip architects, builders, and developers with the knowledge they need to confidently design and build with wood. Broader adoption of wood solutions can play a pivotal role in meeting national housing and infrastructure goals, while contributing to Canada’s climate objectives and the transition to a low-carbon economy. About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, our members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. Our mission is to support our members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. We also deliver technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through our market leading WoodWorks program. About the National WoodWorks Program The Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program a national outreach initiative dedicated to advancing the use of wood in construction by providing educational opportunities and direct technical support. The program helps architects, engineers, developers and other industry professionals expand their capacity for wood design and construction, contributing to a more sustainable built environment. About Rothoblaas Canada Rothoblaas Canada is a leading provider of innovative solutions for mass timber and wood construction, offering a comprehensive range of structural fasteners, connection systems, membranes, and safety products. As part of the global Rothoblaas group, the Canadian division supports architects, engineers, and builders with technical expertise and code-compliant solutions tailored to local needs. Through research, education, and collaboration, Rothoblaas Canada advances high-performance, sustainable construction and helps drive the growth of Canada’s wood building industry.

Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program Welcomes Nordic Structures as National Partner

Ottawa, Ontario – October 14, 2025 — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is pleased to welcome Nordic Structures as a new national partner of its WoodWorks program. A longstanding Gold Level Sponsor of Cecobois (Centre d’expertise sur la construction commerciale en bois), WoodWorks’ sister organization in Quebec, Nordic Structures now joins WoodWorks as a partner at the national level. “Nordic Structures brings exceptional technical expertise and a deep commitment to responsible forest stewardship. Their collaboration with WoodWorks builds on years of leadership in Quebec and extends that impact nationally. By working together, we’re helping ensure that more communities across Canada can benefit from the innovation and environmental performance that wood construction delivers. “ says Rick Jeffery, President & CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. “Building on our valued relationship with Cecobois, we are excited to partner with WoodWorks to advance the knowledge, innovation, and adoption of engineered wood products as a structural solution across Canada,” said David Croteau, Nordic Structures, Vice-President, Operations and Engineering. As we look to the future, partnerships like this are vital to expanding the adoption of structural wood solutions that can meet Canada’s growing demand for affordable housing and resilient infrastructure. Nordic’s leadership in design, engineering, and manufacturing—combined with the technical expertise of WoodWorks—will help unlock new opportunities for high-performance, low-carbon buildings across every region of the country. About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, our members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. Our mission is to support our members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. We also deliver technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through our market leading WoodWorks program. About the National WoodWorks Program The Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program a national outreach initiative dedicated to advancing the use of wood in construction by providing educational opportunities and direct technical support. The program helps architects, engineers, developers and other industry professionals expand their capacity for wood design and construction, contributing to a more sustainable built environment. Nordic Structures Nordic Structures offers engineered wood products and comprehensive technical services to enable state-of-the-art mass timber projects. Nordic’s founding company, Chantiers Chibougamau, responsibly harvests black spruce from Northern Quebec’s boreal forest and transforms the raw material into a full catalog of wood-based products, from I-joists to both industrial and architectural grades of glulam and CLT. Collaborating with architects, engineers, and construction firms, the team has delivered successful results on thousands of mass timber projects spanning all major sectors of public life.

Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships

Call for Submissions: 2025 Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships for Wood Related Research Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships are presented to graduate students, enrolled at Canadian Universities, who demonstrate excellence in their studies of structural wood products or wood design. The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) invites submissions from graduate students in engineering, architecture, and wood science. Submitted projects must demonstrate their value and impact on Canadian-made structural wood products and/or their role in advancing domestic wood construction. The CWC will award two scholarships to graduate students whose outstanding wood research not only demonstrates academic excellence but also mirrors the unwavering passion for the wood industry exemplified by Catherine Lalonde, in whose honor the scholarships are named. Catherine, a professional engineer, was a passionate representative of our industry who relentlessly championed the use of wood in residential and commercial construction during her 10 years with the CWC. She served as president of the CWC from 2000 until 2003 when she tragically lost her battle with cancer. This award was established to commemorate Catherine’s memory and perpetuate the legacy of excellence and advocacy she bestowed upon the Canadian wood products industry throughout her influential tenure at the CWC.    Scholarship Details and Application Process 1. Scholarship Value Two scholarships, valued at $3,000 each, will be awarded to outstanding graduate students.   2. Who can apply? Students enrolled in graduate programs in engineering, architecture, or wood science whose work contributes to the advancement of domestic wood products and construction.    3. Application Process  Step  Requirement  Deadline  Step 1 – Notification of Interest  The Notification of Interest submission period has now closed. Eligible applicants have been notified of their preselection via email.   If you were unable to submit your Notification of Interest before the deadline for reasons beyond your control and expect to complete the full application on time, please contact Ioana Lazea at ilazea@cwc.ca to discuss your situation. Closed – October 17, 2025  Step 2 – Full Application Submission  Preselected applicants have been invited to complete the Full Application through a dedicated portal and upload all required documents  (see checklist below).  November 14, 2025    4. Full Application Submission Checklist For Step 2, applicants must upload the following documents to the submission portal:  One cover letter.  Official transcripts:  Master’s applicants: undergraduate and graduate transcripts.  Doctoral applicants: master’s transcript.  Two-page description of the project, plus up to two pages of drawings or photos (if applicable).  Two letters of reference, preferably from faculty members or supervisors familiar with the applicant’s work.    For additional information, please contact Ioana Lazea at ilazea@cwc.ca  

Acoustic Comparative Study

In a context where wood construction is gaining momentum, acoustics remains a key challenge in ensuring occupant comfort and compliance with standards. With this in mind, AcoustiTECH, an expert in acoustic solutions, has partnered with FPInnovations, a leader in research and development in the wood sector, to conduct an in-depth comparative study in its laboratory facility. Who We Are AcoustiTECH is a broker specializing in acoustic solutions, supporting building professionals in selecting highperformance materials that meet and exceed industry standards. With 25 years of experience and unique expertise, we offer customized assemblies through a specialized brand ecosystem and reliable data. Our personalized service, backed by dedicated technical and engineering teams, ensures tailored and effective solutions that enhance the acoustic comfort of occupants. FPInnovations is a globally recognized, private, non-profit organization specializing in research and development for the forestry sector. Its mission is to support businesses and building professionals in innovating and optimizing wood-based materials. With ISO 17025-accredited laboratories and state-of-the-art facilities, FPInnovations assesses the performance of wood structures in terms of acoustics, vibrations, fire resistance, and more. Study Objective At AcoustiTECH, our goal is to continuously innovate by delivering new data and acoustic solutions tailored to the specific requirements of each project. This collaboration with FPInnovations marks a significant milestone in our acoustic analysis of wood structures, as it represents our first large-scale data collection on a GLT masstimber slab and our second mass-timber campaign overall, building on a prior study. Through this study, we obtain precise acoustic measurements for this structural system and conduct rigorous comparisons across numerous innovative market solutions. We take into account key project criteria such as acoustic performance, budget, thickness, weight, and even design, as different acoustic solutions can also influence the choice of floor coverings. Grounded in a scientific approach and conducted in controlled environments with FPInnovations, this research aims to evaluate various acoustic configurations optimized for mass timber construction. By combining technical expertise, innovation, and in-depth analysis, we provide architects, engineers, and developers with high-performance solutions that meet and exceed the industry standards.

Wood Design & Building Award Winning Projects Announced

Vancouver, BC – September 23, 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council is pleased to announce the winning projects of the 41st annual Wood Design & Building Awards program. This prestigious awards program recognizes and celebrates the outstanding work of architectural professionals from Canada and around the world for excellence in wood design and construction. “The diversity and creativity in this year’s winning projects demonstrate how wood can connect people with nature,” says Martin Richard, Vice President of Communications and Market Development at the Canadian Wood Council (CWC). “These designs not only showcase wood’s versatility, but also create spaces that enrich daily life and support community well-being. They are high-performance solutions that respond to today’s urgent need for housing, schools, and community spaces.” “It’s a delight each year to see the latest and greatest wood buildings nominated to our awards program and it’s a privilege to recognize the best projects from the impressive submissions we receive,” added Ioana Lazea, Senior Project Manager at CWC responsible for delivering the awards program. “This year’s competition drew a remarkable 140 entries. We are deeply grateful to our esteemed jurors for the significant effort they invested in reviewing each one and for their careful deliberations in selecting the winners.”     18 projects earned recognition from the Wood Design & Building Awards jury. The jurors for the Wood Design & Building Awards were: Omar Ghandi, Principal at Omar Ghandi Architects Jane Abbott, Partner at Abbott Brown Architects Alec Holser, Founding Principal at Opsis Architecture   14 additional projects were selected for recognition under the WoodWorks category of the Wood Design Awards programs which have regional competitions in BC, Ontario, and the Prairie provinces for projects located in those jurisdictions. The jurors for the WoodWorks Awards category were: Eric Karsh, Founding Partner of Equilibrium Brenda Izen, Founding Principal at Izen Architecture Carol Belanger, City Architect, Edmonton   In total, 38 projects from Canada and around the world were honoured at the Wood Design and Building Awards celebration hosted Tuesday, September 23, 2025, at the Woodrise Conference in Vancouver, BC.   COMPLETE LIST OF AWARD-WINNING PROJECTS FOLLOWS:   Honor The Spirit Garden (Toronto, ON) | Gow Hastings Architects in collaboration with Two Row Architects Fraser Mills Presentation Centre (Coquitlam, BC) | Patkau Architects Pacific Northwest Residence (Washington State) | Cutler Anderson Architects Google Borregas (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) | Project Designer: MGA | Michael Green Architecture, Architect of Record: SERA Architects TRUMPF Education Center (Ditzingen, Germany) | Barkow Leibinger Dwelling on the Mountainside: Jiuceng Art Gallery (Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China) | Atelier Lu+Architects   Merit Vesterheim Commons (Decorah, IA, USA) | Snøhetta DogTrot Magnetawan (Magnetawan, ON) | Williamson Williamson Aiken Audubon Research Outpost (Chico Basin Ranch, CO, USA) | ColoradoBuildingWorkshop at CU Denver   Citation Walking Dunes (Amagansett, NY, USA) | Bates Masi + Architects Timbrelyn (Bethel, NY 12720, USA) | Adel Research Group (ARG) sʔitwənx Child Care (Kelowna, BC) | Public Architecture + Design Canadian Canoe Museum (Peterborough, ON) | Unity Design Studio Greenhill School, Rosa O. Valdes STEM + Innovation Center (Addison, TX, USA) | Bohlin Cywinski Jackson Upper Canada College – Lindsay Boathouse (Toronto, ON) | VJAA Inc. (Lead Design Architect) | RDHA (Architect of Record) Winthrop Library (Winthrop, WA, USA) | Johnston Architects (Architect of Record) and Prentiss Balance Wickline Architects (Associate Architect) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Headquarters (Toronto, ON) | Bucholz McEvoy Architects + ZAS Architects and Interiors MUMO (Museum of Motorcycle) (Puerto Octay, North Patagonia, Chile) | DRAA   Sansin Sponsored Award Google Borregas (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) | Project Designer: MGA | Michael Green Architecture, Architect of Record: SERA Architects   Sustainable Forestry Initiative Sponsored Awards Wahta’ elementary school (Wendake, QC) | DG3A Architecture Kreher Preserve & Nature Center Environmental Education Building (Auburn, AL, USA) | Leers Weinzapfel Associates Architects, Inc.   Western Red Cedar Sponsored Awards San Juan Islands Residence (Eastsound, WA) | Vandervort Architects The Granary at Southlands (Delta (Tsawwassen) – BC) | MOTIV Architects   Wood Preservation Sponsored Award Catchacoma Cottage (The Kawarthas, Municipality of Trent Lakes, ON) | Dubbeldam Architecture + Design   WoodWorks Ontario Wood Design Awards DogTrot Magnetawan (Magnetawan, ON) | Williamson Williamson Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF) Headquarters and Multi-Tenant Complex (Toronto, ON) | Moriyama Teshima Architects Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Headquarters (Toronto, ON) | Bucholz McEvoy Architects + ZAS Architects and Interiors Upper Canada College – Lindsay Boathouse (Toronto, ON) | VJAA Inc. (Lead Design Architect) | RDHA (Architect of Record) 1120 Ossington (Toronto, ON) | mcCallumSather   WoodWorks BC Wood Design Awards Fraser Mills Presentation Centre (Coquitlam, BC) | Patkau Architects Adams Lake Health + Wellness Centre (Chase, BC) | Unison Architecture Ltd. Kin Park Pavilion and Ice Rink (Fort St. John, BC) | Public Architecture + Design sʔitwənx Child Care (Kelowna, BC) | Public Architecture + Design Point Grey House (Vancouver, BC) | Patkau Architects   WoodWorks Prairie Wood Design Awards F Residence (RM of Stanley, MB) | 1×1 architecture inc. Riel Construction Office, (Dugald, MB) | Republic Architecture Inc. Sam Centre (Calgary, AB) | Diamond Schmitt Architects G7 Summit – Interior Renovations (Kananaskis, AB) | 1×1 architecture   VIEW A VIDEO COMPILATION OF THIS YEAR’S WINNERS HERE: https://cwc.ca/WoodDesignandBuildingAwards2025/   FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: Sarah Hicks Communications Manager, Canadian Wood Council 1-705-796-3381  |  shicks@cwc.ca  

Canadian Wood and Forestry Resources

National Provincial Canadian Wood Council WoodWorks Forest Products Association of Canada Certification Canada Mass timber road map Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Forest sector funding programs The Canadian Forest Service Canada Action – Forestry Industry in Canada FPInnovations   Forest Enhancement Society of BC Province of British Columbia – Ministry of Forests British Columbia, Forestry Innovation Investment Mass Timber Demonstration Program in British Columbia Alberta Forest Products Association Ontario Forest Industries Association Ontario Wood Cecobois Conseil de l’industrie forestière du Québec Maritime Lumber Bureau Government Resources Invest in Canada – Services The State of Canada’s Forests Annual Report Canadian Forests – Federal Government Mass Timber Action Plan Trade Commissioner Service Forestry and wood products Funding and financing for international business Opportunities for Wood (PDF) Two Sides – Canadian forests are a renewable natural resource Canadian Council of Forest Ministers – Healthy forests. Healthy communities. naturally:wood – Mass Timber Demonstration Program The State of Canada’s Forests Annual Report 2023 (.pdf) The Conference Board of Canada – Use of Forest Resources COFI – Forest Facts

Innovative Strategies for Light-Frame Mid-Rise Buildings in High-Seismic Regions

Innovative Strategies for Light-Frame Mid-Rise Buildings in High-Seismic Regions presents a detailed design example and practical guidance for engineers and builders responding to rising seismic demands on Canada’s West Coast. With the 2020 National Building Code of Canada significantly increasing seismic forces—particularly in Vancouver and Vancouver Island—conventional light-wood-frame (dimensional lumber) shearwall systems often no longer meet code requirements without costly additions. This guide, prepared by WHM Structural Engineers for WoodWorks BC and the Canadian Wood Council, explores two high-capacity shearwall solutions: Mid+Std walls, a code-compliant adaptation of Midply construction that achieves roughly 50% greater capacity than standard walls without increasing wall length, and Double Nail walls, a research-based approach using double rows of edge nails to match Mid+Std strength. Combined with lightweight floor topping strategies, these systems enable six-storey light-frame buildings to remain viable and cost-competitive even on poor soils and in the highest seismic regions. Cost analysis shows Mid+Std walls incur about a 30% framing cost increase over baseline, while Double Nail walls add about 20%, both more economical than doubling corridor wall lines. The publication includes complete design calculations, construction considerations, and conceptual connection details to help practitioners implement these strategies confidently. This resource equips designers, contractors, and owners with practical, innovative approaches to maintain the competitiveness of light-frame wood construction while meeting the stringent seismic requirements of the latest building codes.

Offsite Wood Construction Handbook

Industrialized offsite construction, also known as prefabricated or modular construction, is a construction method where building materials and components are manufactured and assembled offsite in factories before being transported to the project site for the final assembly. This approach can improve efficiency, reduce cost, and enhance quality compared to the traditional onsite construction. Industrialized offsite construction results from the reality of labour shortages, as well as the desire to automate manufacturing processes and shorten delivery schedules. As the construction industry evolves and processes are becoming automated, FPInnovations has been working on industrialized offsite construction for the last decade to ensure that the Canadian wood industry maintains its competitiveness. Guided by a comprehensive roadmap developed by FPInnovations and its partners in 2019 to identify the knowledge gaps, FPInnovations accelerated in the past five years to address the impacts of manufacturing and construction changes across the value chain. Inside the guide This in-depth guide on offsite wood construction includes chapters on the following topics: Design process associated with offsite construction Offsite manufacturing process Lumber and engineered wood product portfolio available in Canada for offsite construction Performance of buildings manufactured offsite Essential activities outside of manufacturing plants for offsite construction Environmental impacts of offsite construction

Canada’s Wood Industry Welcomes New Build Canada Homes Agency to Drive Rapidly Deployable Housing

September 15, 2025, Ottawa, ON: The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) welcomes the federal government’s launch of the Build Canada Homes (BCH) agency, announced yesterday by Prime Minister Mark Carney. Backed by a robust $13 billion investment and a plan to allocate federally owned lands for development, BCH will fast-track the delivery of affordable, sustainable housing nationwide. “This commitment to factory-built housing and prefabricated building components, including both mass timber and light wood frame systems, directly supports the architects, engineers, and builders we work with every day. It enables them to rapidly deploy quality homes at scale, while meeting Canada’s sustainability and affordability goals,” said Rick Jeffery, President and CEO of CWC. “We’re especially encouraged by BCH’s plan to adopt a ‘Buy Canadian’ policy and streamline permitting for bulk projects.” BCH’s first projects will be launched in Dartmouth, Longueuil, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Edmonton, with construction expected to begin next year. The agency will also work with the Nunavut Housing Corporation to deliver 700 homes, 30% of which will be built off-site and transported to Nunavut. In advance of this announcement, the Canadian Wood Council (CWC) with Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) submitted recommendations to the BCH Market Sounding Guide highlighting how wood-based modern methods of construction (MMC)—including mass timber, light wood frame, and modular systems—can reduce build times by up to 50%, cut carbon emissions by 30–60%, and lower long-term operating costs. The CWC and FPAC urges BCH to implement key recommendations from its submission, including: Loan guarantees and concessional financing for factory expansion. A national “one-window” approval system for factory-built housing. A Design for Manufacturing & Assembly (DfMA) pattern library. Indigenous equity and workforce development tied to housing pipelines.   The CWC stands ready to champion this effort and ensure design and construction professionals have the information and support they need to rapidly deploy the sustainable, affordable homes Canadians need. –30– The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is a leading force in advancing building codes and standards for wood construction, ensuring market access for Canadian wood products, and accelerating the adoption of sustainable, wood-based construction solutions in the marketplace. As a national federation of associations, the CWC serves as the unifying voice for our members, who represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country.

Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program Welcomes BarrierTEK as National Partner

Ottawa, Ontario – September 9, 2025 — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is pleased to welcome BarrierTEK as a new national partner of its WoodWorks program. This collaboration aligns two organizations committed to supporting safe, innovative, and low-carbon construction practices across Canada through education, technical excellence, and strategic market development. As the construction sector responds to climate imperatives, shifting societal expectations, and progressive building codes, the role of wood in the built environment continues to expand. By combining traditional wood systems with value-added solutions like fire-retardant treatments, project teams can expand the application of wood in diverse building types without compromising performance or design flexibility. This partnership will help raise awareness of the full range of tools and technologies available to support safe, code-compliant wood construction while reinforcing wood’s reputation as a versatile, safe, high-performance building material. “WoodWorks is proud to collaborate with BarrierTEK to help build industry knowledge and confidence in the proven fire performance of wood construction,” says Martin Richard, Vice President of Market Development and Communications at the Canadian Wood Council. “This partnership supports our broader goal of advancing wood use in all forms by equipping professionals with practical, performance-based solutions.”     “At BarrierTEK, our mission has always been to make fire safety more accessible without compromising the sustainability or affordability of wood construction,” says Ewan Davie, VP Sales at BarrierTEK. “Working alongside WoodWorks allows us to contribute to the national conversation on wood construction and demonstrate how innovation in fireperformance can enhance—not limit—wood’s role in shaping modern construction practices.” Through shared outreach, resource development, and technical education across the country, this national partnership aims to equip architects, builders, and developers with the knowledge they need to confidently design and build with wood. About the Canadian Wood Council The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is Canada’s unifying voice for the wood products industry. As a national federation of associations, our members represent hundreds of manufacturers across the country. Our mission is to support our members by accelerating market demand for wood products and championing responsible leadership through excellence in codes, standards, and regulations. We also deliver technical support and knowledge transfer for the construction sector through our market leading WoodWorks program. About the National WoodWorks Program The Canadian Wood Council’s WoodWorks Program a national outreach initiative dedicated to advancing the use of wood in construction by providing educational opportunities and direct technical support. The program helps architects, engineers, developers and other industry professionals expand their capacity for wood design and construction, contributing to a more sustainable built environment. About BarrierTEK BarrierTEK is a Canadian company based near Edmonton, Alberta, at the forefront of enhanced fire performance of wood construction since 2010. Their team of chemists, engineers, and researchers collaborates with builders, code officials, and fire prevention authorities to develop cost-effective, non-toxic, factory-applied fire-retardant treatments for dimensional lumber, I-joists, OSB/plywood panels, attic trusses, and sheathing. These solutions meet or exceed Canadian and NFPA fire safety standards—while being LEED‑compliant and compatible with conventional construction processes—and are designed to reduce the risk and severity of high‑intensity fires in both single‑family and multi‑family wood buildings, delivering measurable benefits like lower insurance premiums and enhanced community safety.

Mass Timber Demonstration Fire Tests Program

The Canadian Wood Council partnered with federal and provincial governments and organizations, as well as key experts, to conduct a series of five fire research burns on a full-scale mass timber structure in Ottawa. The five tests occurred in June 2022. The project supports market acceptance of tall and large mass timber buildings in Canada and encourages the construction of buildings that include mass timber. With the most certified sustainable forests in the world, Canada is a champion of sustainable forest management and in a position to solidify our global leadership in the bioeconomy and forest sector by advancing mass timber adoption. Mass timber is revolutionizing the building industry as a renewable, nature-based construction material. Recognizing mass timber’s vital role in achieving a low carbon, built environment, the Canadian Wood Council and its partners are dedicated to advancing its adoption.   Click here for the final report     Purpose The project was designed to support market acceptance of tall and large mass timber buildings in Canada and encourage the construction of buildings that include mass timber. By designing and executing a series of demonstration fire research tests on a full-scale mass timber structure, and collecting data from tests, the project: Demonstrated mass timber fire performance to key stakeholders including building officials, fire service and insurance industry Encouraged building code advancements that will allow for taller and larger wood buildings Support the adoption of the 2020 National Building Code introducing new provisions to allow 12 storey mass timber buildings Supported future code change proposals and the development of alternative solutions Encouraged the development of / provide data and information to support the transition toward performance-based codes, long-term strategy Promoted the adoption of mass timber by developing educational materials for targeted audiences Supported the maximum use of exposed mass timber elements (visual aesthetic), leading to cost competitive projects and health and wellness benefits Demonstrated the ability of different mass timber assemblies to maintain structural integrity under, during and post-construction fire scenarios in a way that is comparable to (or superior to) conventional materials. Supported the transition to Performance-based codes   Summary of the Mass Timber Demonstration Fire Test #5   Objectives While there is evidence, research, and case studies that demonstrate the comparable, safety and performance of mass timber construction compared to construction using conventional materials like steel and concrete, misconceptions still circulate. By designing and executing a series of demonstration fire research burns on a full-scale mass timber structure, and collecting data from these burns, our objective was to: Showcase, through fire demonstration tests, that mass timber construction is a safe and viable alternative to other more conventional construction systems (steel & concrete) for constructing large or tall buildings; Support the implementation and adoption of the 2020 edition of the National Building Code of Canada; Support future code change proposals to extend the use of mass timber to other building types, heights, and sizes; Support the transition to Performance-based codes; Use the results and finds from the demonstration tests to develop viable solutions to mitigate construction fire risk.   Targeted Audiences Various key stakeholders within the construction sector need to be educated through science-based tests that mass timber building systems can be designed to provide a safe building environment when subjected to fire. The key groups targeted by the project include, but are not limited to: Building Code Officials & Regulators Fire Services Professionals Insurance Professionals Building & Construction Industry Sustainability Specialists Building Occupants & Owners   Funders & Stakeholders Natural Resources Canada BC Forestry Innovation Investment Government of British Columbia – Office of Mass Timber Implementation (OMTI) Ontario – Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry Alberta – Agriculture, Forestry & Rural Economic Development Québec – Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs Canadian Wood Council FPInnovations   Full Scale Fire Testing and Research The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) provided support for the technical work and science-based fire tests, as part of its research to inform the advancement of safe and innovative solutions across Canada’s construction industry.   Key Consultants & Contractors GHL Consultants Ltd. CHM Fire Consultants Ltd. ISL Engineering Timmerman Timberworks Inc.   Key Suppliers & Manufacturers Five mass timber product manufacturers supplied the mass timber materials: Western Archrib: ◦ Glulam beams and columns ◦ Westdek panels for the roof Element5 Modern Timber Buildings ◦ Glulam beams and columns ◦ CLT floor Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation ◦ Glulam beams and columns ◦ CLT floor and walls StructureCraft: Timber engineering & Construction: ◦ DLT floor and roof Nordic Structures ◦ Glulam beams and columns ◦ CLT roof and walls   Several key material suppliers also supported the program: MTC ◦ Connectors and fasteners Rockwool ◦ Fire Proof Insulation Hilti ◦ Fireproof material   The structure for the Ottawa Fire Test was built by Timmerman Timberworks Inc.

Canadian Wood Council and Canadian Institute of Steel Construction Partner to Advance Steel-Timber Hybrid Construction

Ottawa, ON — September 4, 2025 — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) and the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) are pleased to announce a strategic partnership to accelerate the adoption of steel-timber hybrid structural solutions in Canada. Steel-timber hybrid construction is emerging as a sustainable and efficient approach to modern building design. By combining the strength and durability of steel with the renewable, low-carbon benefits of wood, hybrid systems—such as steel-timber composite floors—can deliver superior structural performance, improved cost efficiency, and faster construction timelines. These benefits are particularly valuable for larger and taller buildings where structural demands are greatest. To advance this opportunity, CWC and CISC have established a joint Technical Steering Committee. This committee will oversee the strategic use of funds contributed by both organizations to maximize industry impact. Its primary mandate is to support designers, engineers, and builders by developing technical guidance, best practices, and publications that will enable practical, code-compliant solutions for hybrid systems. “By working together, we aim to provide the industry with the resources it needs to deliver innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable building solutions,” said Robert Jonkman, Vice-President, Engineering, Canadian Wood Council. “This partnership reflects our shared commitment to advancing construction practices that meet today’s affordability and performance challenges,” added Logan Callele, Director of Engineering, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction. Further details on upcoming resources, publications, and industry engagement opportunities will be shared in the coming months. For more information, visit: www.cwc.ca For media inquiries, please contact: Martin Richard, VP, Communications and Market Development Canadian Wood Council mrichard@cwc.ca | 1-613-725-4339 About the Canadian Wood Council (CWC) The Canadian Wood Council is the national association representing manufacturers of Canadian wood products used in construction. Through technical expertise, market development, and education, CWC promotes the responsible use of wood, advancing building practices that are innovative, sustainable, and aligned with Canada’s climate goals. About the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction is the national industry organization representing the structural steel, open web steel joist, and steel plate fabrication industries. CISC works to advance the use of steel in construction through advocacy, education, research, and the development of design and construction resources.

Winnipeg Engineering Workshop – Simpson Strong-Tie

Canadian Wood Council Welcomes Federal Investment in Forestry Innovation and Housing Solutions

August 5, 2025 – (Ottawa, ON) The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) welcomes today’s announcement by Prime Minister Mark Carney in Kelowna, unveiling a $1.2 billion investment to support Canada’s forest sector and accelerate the use of Canadian wood in domestic construction. The measures – including $700 million in loan guarantees and $500 million to advance innovation, workforce development, and market diversification – send a strong signal of support for sustainable construction and domestic manufacturing. CWC is encouraged to see federal action aligned with the priorities it has long championed through its technical work in codes and standards and resource program delivery. “This announcement reinforces the critical role that wood-based solutions can play in meeting Canada’s housing and climate goals,” said Rick Jeffery, President and CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. “The focus on innovation, capacity expansion, and domestic use of wood aligns well with technical insights we’ve shared over many years through our work with government, industry, and the architects, engineers, construction professionals, and developers (AECD) community.” CWC has worked closely with federal departments and agencies, including Natural Resources Canada, on initiatives such as the Green Construction through Wood (GCWood) program, which has demonstrated the ability to de-risk early projects and help scale up Modern Methods of Construction (MMC). These approaches, such as mass timber and prefabrication, are essential to accelerating housing starts while reducing carbon emissions and supporting rural economies across Canada. “With the Build Canada Homes plan targeting 500,000 new units annually, today’s announcement provides important tools to help scale construction innovation,” Jeffery added. “Ensuring that Canadian wood products are part of the solution is a smart investment in housing, climate action, and economic resilience.” CWC will continue its work providing technical assistance, education, and data-driven insight to support the successful implementation of federal initiatives. The organization remains committed to working with all levels of government and industry partners to help increase the use of sustainable wood systems in construction.

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 24, issue 98

What does it take to deliver better buildings? In this issue, we explore that question from a couple of different angles—primarily through a look at standout wood projects that demonstrate wood design excellence, but also through a thoughtful feature on offsite prefabrication that invites the construction industry to think critically about how we build and what it will take to build better. Through enhanced collaboration and the expanded use of technology, prefabricated construction—an approach especially well-suited to wood—is transforming the way we design and deliver buildings. This fall, the Canadian Wood Council is proud to support Woodrise 2025, an international conference coming to Vancouver, British Columbia. As part of this event, the 5th International Congress on tall wood construction, we’ve curated nine immersive tours that offer attendees a unique opportunity to step inside some of the region’s most compelling wood projects for a firsthand look at the leadership and innovation happening here. If you believe one of the best ways to learn about a building is to walk through it—this is your chance. The full tour lineup is available now at www.woodrise2025.com/offsite-tours. Join us to explore everything from sustainable forest management and advanced manufacturing to some of the region’s most iconic mass timber buildings – experiences that bring together the people, materials, and design approaches shaping the future of low-carbon construction in B.C. and beyond. We hope this issue inspires you to keep exploring what’s possible with wood—whether in your own projects or out with us on tour.

Webinar: Mass Timber Industrial Buildings and Warehouses

Webinar: Exploring the Feasibility of Point-Supported Mass Timber for Tallwood Construction

Canadian Wood Council Applauds Nova Scotia’s Prioritization of Wood Products for Construction and Heating in Public Buildings

OTTAWA, ON, 18 July 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) applauds the Province of Nova Scotia’s recent announcement regarding the prioritization of wood products for construction and heating in public buildings – a strategic move that supports economic growth, climate resilience, and innovation in the province’s forestry sector. By committing to mass timber and other solid wood products for construction, alongside the use of wood pellets, biomass, and other products made from forest residuals for heat and energy, Nova Scotia is taking a leadership approach to development that aligns environmental stewardship with economic opportunity. This initiative reinforces the principles of a circular economy built on sustainable forest management. This comprehensive approach to fibre utilization ensures the province is maximizing the value of harvested wood and reducing waste while simultaneously supporting jobs, stimulating rural economies, and strengthening local and regional supply chains across the forestry and construction sectors. “This commitment from the province of Nova Scotia not only supports local forestry and bioeconomy innovation, but also delivers practical solutions to reduce emissions, improve energy security, and build with a lighter carbon footprint,” says Rick Jeffery, President & CEO of the Canadian Wood Council. It’s a smart and timely commitment to sustainability that will strengthen local industries while advancing practical, low-carbon building solutions.” View the announcement from Nova Scotia Public Works and Nova Scotia Natural Resources here: https://news.novascotia.ca/en/2025/07/17/government-promotes-wood-construction-heating

Wood Solutions Conference: Calgary 2025

Save the date! WoodWorks Alberta and the Canadian Wood Council are bringing the Wood Solutions Conference to Calgary in November — and you won’t want to miss it. Tickets will be available soon! Stay tuned for updates on Early Bird registration and event details.

WoodWorks at The Buildings Show

Feasibility of Point-Supported Mass Timber

Tall wood buildings offer tremendous potential for low-carbon, high-performance construction, but they also introduce a distinct set of challenges not typically encountered in conventional approaches. Design teams new to this form of construction may be unfamiliar with the systematic approach needed to enhance affordability and efficiency in these buildings. Within the spectrum of structural solutions for mass timber, point-supported CLT is a compelling option for tall building applications. Teams must understand how to harness its unique benefits and navigate its limitations to unlock its full potential. When applied effectively, point-supported approaches can improve efficiency, reduce material usage, and unlock new pathways to cost-competitive tall timber construction.

Tour: T3 Bayside & Limberlost Place

Case Study: Academic Tower University of Toronto

Setting a new standard in Canada’s tallest mass timber structure, Soprema Insonomat system provided an ideal balance of sustainability, safety, and superior sound insulation.

Case Study: 283 Greene Avenue

AcoustiTECH’s innovative and effective acoustic solutions made New York’s first mass timber residential project a triumph of modern design and sound comfort. Discover how the AcoustiTECH Lead 6 and  AcoustiTECH SOFIX system harmonized natural aesthetics with high acoustic performance.

Case Study: 1361 Goldstream

Offering beautiful views and exceptional acoustic comfort, the Lakeside project benefited from AcoustiTECH’s innovative approach to residential sound insulation.

Case Study: Travino

Discover how the Travino project benefited from AcoustiTECH’s Acoustiboard and Acoustivibe solutions, achieving unmatched acoustic comfort for residents while complying with seismic requirements.

Case Study: 330 Goldstream

With the lightweight and resilient Fermacell 2E32 and Soprema Acoustivibe systems, this project is a model of acoustic excellence and seismic compatibility. Discover how our solutions elevated resident comfort.

Canadian Wood Council Supports Ontario’s Advanced Wood Construction Action Plan

KITCHENER, ON — The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) was proud to participate in a significant announcement by the Government of Ontario yesterday, where the Honourable Mike Harris, Minister of Natural Resources, and the Honourable Kevin Holland, Associate Minister of Forestry and Forest Products, launched Ontario’s Advanced Wood Construction Action Plan. The Action Plan outlines a strong, strategic commitment to advancing the use of mass timber and prefabricated wood systems—technologies that can deliver high-performance buildings while supporting job creation and investment across Ontario’s forestry, manufacturing, and construction sectors. As the national association representing manufacturers of Canadian wood products, CWC welcomes this important step forward. Through its technical resource program, WoodWorks, the Council is committed to supporting the growth of advanced wood construction by providing guidance, education, and project support to professionals across the building sector. “This is about solving today’s challenges while laying the groundwork for long-term economic growth—with industrialized wood construction driving that transformation forward,” said Steven Street, Executive Director of WoodWorks Ontario. The Action Plan includes investments in research, education, training, and manufacturing, positioning Ontario as a leader in low-carbon, efficient, and sustainable construction. CWC applauds the province’s leadership and looks forward to continuing its collaboration with public and private partners to advance the adoption of made-in-Ontario wood solutions. To read the full plan, visit: https://www.ontario.ca/page/advanced-wood-construction-action-plan

Canadian Wood Council’s 2024 Annual Report Now Available

The Canadian Wood Council is pleased to share it’s 2024 Annual Report, offering a clear view of the progress, resilience, and impact achieved over the past year. In his message, Chairman Kevin Pankratz reflects on the Council’s strategic leadership during a year marked by economic pressures and shifting market conditions. Emphasis is placed on the value of collaboration, strong governance, and industry alignment as essential to maintaining momentum and ensuring long-term competitiveness. The report reinforces the importance of maintaining a united voice across our membership and fostering clarity in our purpose as a national federation. From the President & CEO’s perspective, Rick Jeffery outlines how the organization navigated 2024 with focus and adaptability—delivering trusted technical guidance, growing influence in codes and standards, and expanding national education and outreach efforts. With renewed government investment and increased awareness of low-carbon construction, the Council is well-positioned to lead the next chapter of growth for Canada’s wood sector. View the full report: English | Francais

Mass Timber Course of Construction Insurance Project Questionnaire + Checklist

Who can use this document:Contractors, Developers, Owners and Design Teams. How to use this document:This document is an editable form that teams can fill out to aid in collecting mass timber project-specific information to share with their insurance team. When to use this document:A project team should engage a broker or underwriter as early as possible in the planning stages of a construction project, ideally during the initial design phase or when the project scope is being defined. How will this help me:The goal is to provide project-specific information about mass timber, pre-emptively addressing some of the common questions and concerns insurers may have to pave the way for a more efficient and informed process when working with your broker or underwriter. Keep in mind that this document is not intended to address all topics nor be a universally accepted form that provides all necessary information to insurers.

From the Ground Up: Sustainable Placemaking in Toronto

Wood Solutions Conference: Halifax 2025

Mark your calendars! WoodWorks Atlantic and the Canadian Wood Council are pleased to present the Wood Solutions Conference in Halifax this fall — and we want you there.  

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 24, issue 97

In wood construction, success is rarely improvised. It’s the earned result of early design coordination, clearly communicated expectations, and a shared commitment to getting the details right—from design concept through to completion. Whether a project’s priority is accelerated construction timelines, lasting architectural impact, future disassembly and reuse, or all these things and more, the through line is thoughtful, deliberate planning. As a structural system, timber calls for a high degree of coordination—especially as its applications continue to evolve and expand. It rewards teams who design with intent: those who understand that every exposed surface carries architectural weight, that detecting clashes early in the design phase avoids costly rework during construction, and that planning for a building’s end-of-life is just as essential as designing its first impression. Society’s growing demand for low-carbon construction brings new urgency—and opportunity—to these conversations. As we continue to advance prefabricated, high-performance, and demountable wood building systems, the need for early alignment—between architect and engineer, builder and client—is not just integral to the success of individual projects, but to the advancement of the industry as a whole. This issue of Wood Design & Building leans into that reality. As construction methods evolve, we examine how clear communication and coordination don’t just mitigate risk—they drive better outcomes for the built environment. In a construction landscape that values speed, efficiency, and low-carbon outcomes, it’s advanced planning and clear communication that turn ambition into meaningful results. We’re not just building with wood. We’re building with purpose, intention, and care. And that process starts long before the first beam or panel is lifted into place.

UNB Head Hall – Engineering Commons

The Engineering Complex at UNB is comprised of five buildings, all constructed at different times, and physically connected as one. The first building constructed in 1901, was the original Engineering Building, designed in the Romanesque Revival style, followed closely thereafter by the former Gymnasium, converted in 1944 to the Electrical Engineering Build-ing. In 1957, an expansion to the western side of the two original engineering buildings was made. Sir Edmund Head Hall, a five-storey, 13,600 sq.m (140,000 sf) addition was con-structed to the north of the previous mentioned buildings. Gillin Hall was added to the west side of Head Hall in 1989 and the Information Technology Centre was added to the south of Gillin Hall along Windsor Street in 2000. In April of 2017, UNB requested Murdock & Boyd Architects to come up with a design solution for a new prominent Main Entrance to the Head Hall Engineering Complex, one that celebrates the engineering programs that are delivered at this institution. The space is designed to allow for and promote the collaboration and interaction of students and faculty, provide for additional graduate study areas, larger crush space from the Dineen Auditorium and a space to exhibit and visually celebrate all the disciplines of the world renowned UNB Engineering programs and its graduates.

Webinar: Understanding Glulam: The structural and architectural capabilities of mass timber

Webinar: Building Code Updates for Tall Wood Construction in Canada

Brampton – Simpson Strong-Tie Workshop

This workshop covers wood construction connectors, design apps, mass timber connectors, mass timber fasteners, structural screws, and anchor systems, with demonstrations on hanger testing, fastener installation, and anchor installation and testing.

A Practical Path Forward for Offsite Manufacturing

This report serves as a practical guide for small to medium-sized enterprises, start-ups, and builders looking to transition into offsite construction. With a specific focus on prefabricated elements and modular systems, it offers actionable guidance for manufacturers considering process expansion or upgrades. Covering critical topics such as business planning, transformational change, financial efficiency, design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA), and technology integration, the report emphasizes that success in offsite construction depends not only on technical capability, but also on strategic foresight and organizational readiness. Drawing on lessons from both successful and stalled ventures, the report identifies common pitfalls—including rushed implementation, cultural resistance, and premature technology investment—and outlines a disciplined, step-by-step approach to navigating them. Through key themes such as aligning prefabrication with business goals, managing operational change, optimizing financial strategies, and adopting technology judiciously, the report provides a roadmap for sustainable growth. Its insights advocate for a manufacturing mindset rooted in efficiency and adaptability, helping firms approach offsite construction with confidence, clarity, and resilience.

Mass Timber Construction Success Checklist

Mass timber construction offers speed, sustainability, and design flexibility – but it also requires a higher level of coordination than traditional structural systems. Its prefabricated components and tight tolerances call for early planning, clear communication, and a shared understanding across the project team. Ensuring that all partners – including those less familiar with timber construction – are aligned on these unique requirements helps avoid costly delays and, more importantly, positions the team to fully capitalize on the benefits mass timber has to offer.

Exploring the Role of Mass Timber – Industrial Buildings and Warehouse Construction

The emerging use of mass timber in industrial buildings presents promising opportunities that are shaping the future of construction in this sector. As a sustainable and economically competitive alternative, mass timber is redefining industrial construction, a field traditionally dominated by prefabricated steel. An analysis of two cutting-edge projects in Sudbury, Ontario, highlights key advantages, including cost competitiveness, reduced embodied carbon, and aesthetic appeal. The insights from these two projects present stakeholders with helpful considerations and valuable strategies for integrating mass timber into future developments.

2025 Wood Design & Building Awards Call for Submissions Now Open

OTTAWA, ON, 23 APR 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council is accepting submissions for the 2025 Wood Design & Building Awards. Now in its 41st year, this annual program invites architects, designers, and project teams from across North America and around the world to submit their most inspiring wood projects for consideration. “At its core, this program is a celebration of architectural excellence,” says Martin Richard, VP Market Development & Communications at the Canadian Wood Council. “Each year, we’re inspired by the many ways designers harness wood’s versatile beauty—from bold, expressive forms to quietly transformative spaces.” Over the decades, we’ve seen the creativity and talent of hundreds of project teams bring important changes to the built environment—elevating wood from a niche material to a sustainable, mainstream design ambition. While the awards program has always shone a light on architectural excellence in wood, winning projects in recent years also frequently demonstrate innovation, technical achievement, and a strong commitment to sustainability. Submissions will be reviewed by a distinguished jury of Canadian and American architects. Projects will be evaluated based on creativity, design excellence, and the innovative and appropriate use of wood to achieve project objectives. Award categories for 2025 include:   The program also includes several specialty awards:   Winners will receive a custom wood trophy and be recognized through a media announcement, social media, a feature profile on the Wood Innovation Network, and editorial coverage in Wood Design & Building Magazine (digital edition). Key DatesEarly Bird Deadline: May 31, 2025Final Submission Deadline: June 27, 2025 For more information and to submit your project, please visit: https://cwc.ca/wood-design-and-building-awards/  

Wood Decay and Repair

LEAKY BUILDINGS AND DECAYING WOOD – WHAT’S HAPPENING? The news across North America seems to frequently contain stories about serious moisture failures in wood-frame buildings. Whether it’s Vancouver’s “leaky condo crisis” or the “EIFS disaster” in North Carolina, homeowners are struggling with wood decay wherever the other components of the building’s walls and roof aren’t properly protecting the wood structure from excessive moisture. Interestingly, leaks are also getting attention in steel and concrete high-rises, causing rust in steel studs and fasteners and degradation of gypsum wallboard. Why are we suddenly finding so many failures in buildings, including in our tried-and-true wood construction? This is a frustrating problem for everyone in the building industry, because there are no easy answers. It’s convenient to blame unskilled or unethical practitioners in the building industry. Other occasional targets for blame include municipalities for developing zoning ordinances that conflict with performance issues; energy efficiency codes for making our building envelopes tighter; new and complicated materials in our building envelopes; the building occupants for not practising proper maintenance; or the wood, which some seem to feel has declined in quality. The bottom line: many people have opinions, but so far there is little firm technical data to answer these questions. Please see our Links page for some of the research institutions working in this area. Buildings have probably always leaked, although it is only recently that moisture seems to be a problem. Some believe that the difference is that today’s buildings are less tolerant of those leaks; that perhaps the older buildings were able to dry out. Another theory is that today’s leaky buildings leak more than in the past, due to design errors, sloppy construction, lack of overhangs, etc. Thankfully, many people working in the building industry have turned their attention towards better design and construction practice for moisture control. A number of “best practice guides” are listed in our Links section. HOW CAN I TELL IF WOOD IS DECAYED? If wood is badly decayed, this will be quite obvious. The wood will be soft and perhaps even be breakable by hand. Decayed wood breaks with a carrot-like snap versus the splintering of sound wood. Use the pick test to be sure. MY WOOD IS STAINED – IS IT DECAY? Probably not, if this is new lumber. There are many harmless sources of wood stains, including dirt, iron filings, or staining fungi that merely colour the wood without damaging it. Please see the fact sheet “Discolourations on wood products: Causes and Implications” for a thorough explanation including photos. If the discoloured wood is found in a leaky building under repair and may have been wet, perform the pick test to see if it is rotted – see our page on Assessing decay. I HAVE DECAYED WOOD – WHAT SHOULD I DO? Remove all decayed wood and additionally remove another two feet of sound wood all around the decayed section. Any sound wood that is left in place when decayed wood around it has been removed should be field treated with a penetrating preservative. Also field treat any wood that may continue to get wet after repairs. We recommend preservatives containing a diffusible low-toxicity fungicide such as sodium borate, and low-toxicity formulating agents which assist in penetrating dry wood, such as propylene glycol. By the time the cladding has been removed, the structure has been inspected and the decayed wood has been removed, the wood left in place will likely have dried too much for effective use of formulations without a penetration aid. Under conditions of high relative humidity, the propylene glycol may cause a short term increase in the moisture content at the wood surface. For more information, please see our page on Assessing decay. IS KILN-DRIED LUMBER MORE RESISTANT TO DECAY THAN GREEN OR AIR-DRIED LUMBER? One advantage of kiln-dried lumber is that any live fungi present in the green lumber will have been killed by the heat of the kiln; in other words, KD lumber is sterile after leaving the kiln. However, if it gets sufficiently wet afterwards, then it is at the same risk of decay as any other wood. ARE COMPOSITE WOOD PRODUCTS MORE RESISTANT TO DECAY THAN SOLID LUMBER? No. Composite products (glulam, OSB, laminated veneer lumber, etc.) have the same resistance to decay as the wood from which they were made. The adhesives used in composites do not affect decay resistance. DO WE HAVE TERMITES IN CANADA? Yes, in a few limited areas across the country and to a greater extent around Toronto, termite species causing damage to buildings are present. Although termites are a significant problem in parts of southern Ontario, overall they are only a mild concern in this country. They prefer warmer conditions and are a far greater problem in parts of the United States. In Canada we do not have the voracious Formosan subterranean termite causing so much damage in the southeastern US. WHAT IS DRY ROT? Contrary to popular usage, dry rot does not mean rot that can happen in dry wood, or wood that has rotted and dried out. Dry rot is a specific kind of fungus, although the term is very commonly misused to describe all wood rot. This is unfortunate, because it disassociates rot from moisture. Wood rot always requires moisture, and the key to wood durability is the control of moisture. Wood that rotted long ago and is now dry was moist at the time of the rot. The true dry rot fungus has the ability to tap into a water source and conduct water to what would otherwise be dry wood. However, it has to wet the wood before it can attack the wood. The true dry rot fungus is more likely to be found in buildings that contain brick or stone than in all-wood buildings. HOW FAST DOES WOOD DECAY? It’s impossible to say; there are so many variables that influence the process. In a laboratory, under ideal conditions for decay fungi, wood can rot quite quickly.

Wood Design: A Guide for Architects and Educators

This Guide is designed to help educators increase wood content in their already crowded curricula, exposing students to the unique challenges and opportunities of designing with advanced wood systems, within the context of the program and student performance criteria established, maintained, and evaluated by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board.

Canadian Wood Council releases new Environmental Product Declarations for 5 Canadian manufactured wood products

OTTAWA, ON, 1 APR 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is pleased to announce the release of five new Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for Canadian softwood lumber, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, trusses, and prefabricated wood I-joists. These EPDs provide comprehensive, transparent environmental data on the potential impacts associated with the cradle-to-gate life cycle stages of these essential wood products. Developed as regionalized, industry-wide business-to-business (B2B) Type III declarations, the EPDs comply with the highest international standards, including ISO 21930, ISO 14025, ISO 14040, ISO 14044, the governing product category rules, and ASTM General Program Instructions for Type III EPDs. This ensures credible, third-party verified environmental impact data, supporting designers, builders, and policymakers in making informed, sustainable material choices. “The release of these new EPDs reinforces our commitment to transparency and sustainability in the wood products sector,” said Peter Moonen, National Sustainability Manager at the Canadian Wood Council. “By providing robust, science-based environmental information, we’re equipping the industry with the tools needed to demonstrate the environmental benefits of wood and support low-carbon construction.” The EPDs are available for download from the Canadian Wood Council’s digital resource hub: www.cwc.ca EPD Link An Industry Average EPD for Canadian Pre-fabricated Wood I-Joists A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Softwood Lumber A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Oriented Strand Board An Industry Average EPD for Canadian Softwood Plywood A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Wood Trusses

Design for Deconstruction in Light Wood Frame

The Guidebook of Design for deconstruction in Light Wood Frame presents a methodology for altering typical light wood frame assemblies so that they can be easily disassembled and the materials of the building can be reused. The province of BC and, more broadly, Canada, has relatively little infrastructure for recycling wood waste. In Vancouver alone, the construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) sector produces about 1.7 million tonnes of waste per year.1 Of this, an estimated 30-60% is wood waste which is largely discarded in landfills. What little wood that is recycled is generally incinerated for waste-to-energy conversion or shredded for biomass. Deconstructing wood buildings and reusing the salvaged wood for new construction would extend the lifespan of the wood, add value and longevity to a valuable material, reduce GHG emissions and reduce the amount of new resources required for new construction projects. Despite the benefit of re-using wood, there are some barriers to deconstructing typical light wood frame buildings, including the use of irreversible fasteners, adhesives, spray foams, and liquid applied sealants. The presence of toxic materials such as asbestos and lead are also of concern when deconstructing a building. While use of toxic materials is now prohibited in new constructions the use of nails (particularly when applied with nail guns) and adhesives makes deconstruction very difficult if not impossible in some cases.2 This guidebook proposes a design for deconstruction system that addresses these remaining issues with simple modifications of typical light wood frame construction practices, allowing for both simple construction, solid performance, and easy deconstruction.

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 24, issue 96

Buildings that stand the test of time aren’t just durable—they are cherished. When we invest in quality materials and good design, we can create buildings that people connect with. As you’ll discover in this issue, many heavy timber warehouses and factories constructed in the early 1900s remain a vital part of our cities today—not because they still serve their original purpose, but because people valued them enough to adapt, restore, and reuse them, giving them a new purpose. Fast forward a hundred years and resilient structures include many new forms. Modular construction, for example, has seen significant growth in recent years as this form of construction has transformed from a building method once considered inferior, into a method relied upon to deliver high-performance durable buildings. Alongside our features on historic timber buildings and modular construction, this issue also highlights notable projects and emerging trends shaping today’s built environment. From innovative mass timber structures to forward-thinking design solutions, we explore how thoughtful craftsmanship and smart engineering continue to define the spaces we build—and the ones we keep.

Camosun College

Province: British Columbia City: Victoria Project Category: Educational Description: In July 2024, the B.C. government committed to fund $151.7 million for student housing at Camosun College’s Lansdowne Campus. The College will contribute an additional $3 million, for a total project cost of $154.7 million. According to a College press release, the six-storey building will be constructed using mass timber and will have more than 400 student beds (dormitory-style, single suite, and four-bedroom apartment-style) in addition to reflection rooms, universal washrooms, and communal kitchens. The College is currently in the process of choosing a main consultant to lead the design phase; it anticipates the consultant will be in place in 2025. Project completion is expected for fall 2027.

Updates to Hem-Fir (N) design values for dimension lumber

The Canadian Wood Council is proud to share the National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) latest updates to the design values for Hem-Fir (N) dimension lumber, effective April 1, 2025. These changes result from a routine reassessment of strength and stiffness properties, ensuring Hem-Fir (N) continues to meet structural performance expectations. Key Points: For additional details, including specific design value changes, affected lumber grades, and implementation considerations, please refer to the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document for Canada or the USA. Download publication by Region: Canadian Market U.S. Market

Cunard Street: Live / Work / Grow Building

The new home for FBM is constructed on a 50 ft by 100 ft brown field site in the north end of Halifax; close to the city’s Commons. A one-storey transmission shop was previously located on the site, making the soil and bedrock remediation necessary to allow for the current development. Site plan The Commons, in the centre of the city, forms a green swath of space for recreation, sports fields, and well-being. Surrounding the site is a mix of occupancies, including social housing for seniors, small scale businesses, day cares, bars and restaurants, military uses at the Halifax Armory for the Princess Louise Fusiliers and Cadet units, Urban agriculture, and several architecture firms that have recently chosen this area for their new offices. The design of the new Cunard St Live/ Work/ Grow building embodies the values of FBM Architecture – a place for ‘people driven design’. This is expressed through the firm’s interest in contributing to the community, through the materials, and the work culture that the building supports.

Canadian Wood Council Applauds Strategic Federal Investments in B.C.’s Forest Industry

OTTAWA, March 25, 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council welcomes the Government of Canada’s announcement of over $20 million in funding for 67 projects that support the growth and resilience of British Columbia’s forest sector. While the announcement includes several strategic large-scale investments in advanced wood manufacturing, a significant strength of this initiative lies in the breadth of smaller-scale, high-impact projects that are collectively transforming communities across the province. From feasibility studies for Indigenous-led forest product businesses to the development of next-generation building technologies, these projects are advancing wood innovation, supporting workforce development, and expanding the role of wood in low-carbon construction. Administered through Natural Resources Canada, this Green Construction through Wood (GCWood) funding supports a wide range of initiatives—from fire-testing mass timber connections and refining modelling guides for timber structures, to developing bioenergy solutions and value-added wood processing in Indigenous communities. This announcement underscores the importance of decentralized innovation, where targeted investments in communities and research institutions alike contribute to a stronger, more sustainable forest sector. The Canadian Wood Council applauds this commitment and looks forward to continuing its work with design professionals, governments, and industry partners to support the expanded use of wood in the province through its market-leading WoodWorks program. View the announcement from Natural Resources Canada here:https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2025/03/canada-announces-support-for-british-columbias-forest-sector.html https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2025/03/canada-announces-support-for-british-columbias-forest-sector.html

Canadian Wood Council Applauds Federal-Provincial Investment in Advanced Wood Construction in Quebec

OTTAWA, March 24, 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) applauds the joint investment of over $8.5 million by Natural Resources Canada and Quebec’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Forests in four innovative wood construction-related projects across Quebec. These strategic initiatives will help strengthen the manufacturing sector and accelerate the adoption of low-carbon, Canadian-made wood products and technologies in residential construction and other critical community infrastructure. By supporting advanced wood construction methods—including modular mass timber housing, artificial intelligence to modernize engineered wood manufacturing, and the design of tall wood residential buildings—this investment reinforces the essential role of wood in delivering high-performance, low-carbon construction solutions. From a 20-unit modular development and a 21-storey design study to the cultural leadership of the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi in forest-to-form construction, these projects demonstrate how innovative wood technologies can meet urgent housing needs in a sustainable way, through scalable and repeatable, locally driven approaches. The Canadian Wood Council commends both levels of government for recognizing the critical role of Canada’s forest sector in delivering smart, climate-friendly building systems. These investments demonstrate how advanced wood technologies can contribute to addressing urgent housing needs while helping to lower the carbon footprint of the built environment. Design and construction professionals in Quebec can access free technical support related to wood design and construction through the market-leading resource program, Cecobois. The CWC is pleased to provide support further expand the use of wood in residential, commercial, and institutional buildings throughout the rest of Canada through its WoodWorks program. View the announcement from Natural Resources Canada here:https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2025/03/canada-and-quebec-invest-in-sustainable-wood-construction.html

Canadian Wood Council Applauds Federal Investment in Nova Scotia’s Mass Timber Industry

OTTAWA, ON, 21 MAR 2025 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) applauds the Government of Canada’s strategic investment in Nova Scotia’s mass timber sector, recognizing its role in advancing low-carbon construction, economic growth, and job creation. This funding will accelerate the fabrication of high-value mass timber components from undervalued eastern spruce, unlocking new opportunities for Canada’s forest sector and expanding the use of advanced wood materials in construction. By supporting the production of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) and Glulam in Nova Scotia, this investment strengthens supply chains, creates skilled jobs in the region, and enhances the competitiveness of low-carbon building solutions across Canada. Mass timber is increasingly recognized as a proven strategy for the rapid construction of much-needed housing and other critical infrastructure. Its benefits extend across multi-residential and commercial buildings, offering a scalable, efficient, and sustainable approach to modern construction. Canada’s forest sector is well-positioned to meet the growing domestic demand for sustainable construction materials. This investment will drive innovation in mass timber manufacturing, creating economic opportunities in Nova Scotia while enhancing Canada’s capacity to produce and supply mass timber products nationwide. Expanding domestic production advances low-carbon building solutions and strengthens Canada’s wood manufacturing sector. The CWC applauds this commitment to fostering a resilient and competitive mass timber industry in Atlantic Canada. Through our WoodWorks technical program, we look forward to supporting construction professionals with the knowledge and resources they need to integrate mass timber into more projects across the country. View the announcement from Natural Resources Canada here: https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2025/03/canada-invests-in-nova-scotias-local-mass-timber-industry.html

Reassessment of Reference Design Values for Hem-Fir (N) Dimension Lumber (U.S. Market)

Reassessment of Design Values for Hem-Fir (N) Dimension Lumber (Canadian Market)

Lateral Bracing Requirements – Part 9 of the BC Building Code 2024

Purpose:This publication provides detailed guidance on the BC Building Code 2024 requirements for lateral bracing in Part 9 wood-frame houses. It explains the building material requirements and construction methods necessary to ensure houses are safe and resilient against seismic and wind loads. Impact:This illustrated guide aims to help designers and builders in British Columbia understand and implement the updated Code requirements for lateral bracing. By doing so, it enhances the structural integrity of houses, ensuring they are better protected against environmental hazards, especially earthquakes. Partners:Canadian Wood Council, National Research Council, The Province of B.C., University of Ottawa

Webinar: Efficient Tall Wall Framing using Engineered Wood Products

Webinar: Diversify Your Structural Portfolio: Wood in Low-Rise Commercial Construction

Calgary – Innovations and Challenges in Mid-Rise Construction Workshop

Edmonton – Innovations and Challenges in Mid-Rise Construction Workshop

The Exchange

ARCHITECT: Faction Architecture Inc. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: RJC Engineers DEVELOPER: Faction Projects Inc. CONSTRUCTION MANAGER: Faction Construction BUILDING CODE CONSULTANT: GHL Consultants Ltd. PHOTOS: Courtesy of naturally:wood In Kelowna, British Columbia’s evolving industrial north end, The Exchange stands as a forward-thinking demonstration of what’s possible when architectural ambition meets technical precision. Designed and developed by Faction Architecture and Faction Projects, the building blends mass timber with conventional materials in a hybrid system that highlights both structural performance and environmental responsibility. At the heart of the structural system is nail-laminated timber (NLT), used for both floor and roof assemblies. NLT is a mass timber product formed by mechanically fastening dimensional lumber together to create solid panels—an approach well-suited to exposed timber applications that value durability, texture, and straightforward fabrication. For this project, the team fabricated the panels in-house using locally sourced materials and trades. While this gave them greater control over cost and scheduling, it also introduced design and compliance challenges. The team opted for a fluted NLT profile to enhance visual appeal and improve acoustic performance. Because the panel design differed from prescriptive norms, it required approval as an  alternative solution under the BC Building Code. Extensive analysis was conducted to demonstrate compliance with fire-resistance, vibration, and load-bearing requirements. Informed by existing NLT fire test data, the design team minimized voids between laminations to enhance charring behaviour and performed physical load testing at Okanagan College to confirm strength and stiffness performance. Complementing the NLT panels is a glulam post-and-beam system that forms the substructure, supported by concrete elevator and stair cores. Together, these elements support a program that includes retail and light industrial space at grade, with two to three storeys of open-plan office space above. A rooftop patio offers sweeping views, reinforcing the project’s appeal to creative businesses and environmentally conscious tenants. The Exchange also showcases a thoughtful approach to the building envelope, a key factor in achieving Step 3 of the BC Energy Step Code—the highest step currently applicable to non-residential buildings in the region. The high-performance envelope includes a combination of weathering steel and corrugated metal cladding, high-performance glass windows, semi-rigid exterior insulation, breathable weather barrier, plywood sheathing, lumber studs, batt insulation, gypsum board and a polyethylene vapour barrier.  The light-frame wood walls contribute to envelope performance in two important ways: 1) wood has lower thermal conductivity than other materials, so thermal bridging is dramatically reduced, and 2) the stud wall configuration allowed for thicker insulation in the cavities between studs. This integrated approach—combining exposed timber construction, envelope efficiency, and locally supported fabrication—enabled the project team to deliver a space that performs as well technically as it does aesthetically. And with over 90% of the leasable area spoken for at completion, it’s clear that tenants are responding to both the look and the logic of the building. The Exchange sets a precedent for accessible mass timber construction in smaller markets, particularly in contexts where a streamlined fabrication process and strong design-control loop can help close the gap between sustainable ambition and budgetary constraints. As Faction Projects continues work on the remaining phases of the development, The Exchange stands as both a technical prototype and a commercial success—proof that high-performance, low-carbon construction can be as practical as it is inspiring.  

A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Wood Trusses

An Industry Average EPD for Canadian Softwood Plywood

A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Oriented Strand Board

A Regionalized Industry Average EPD for Canadian Softwood Lumber

Guide to Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction in the Ontario Building Code

The Guide to Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction in the Ontario Building Code – Second Edition is a comprehensive resource designed to help designers, code officials, and building professionals understand and apply the latest Ontario Building Code provisions for Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction (EMTC), effective January 1, 2025. Developed by the Canadian Wood Council / WoodWorks Ontario in collaboration with Morrison Hershfield (now Stantec), the guide explains the technical requirements, fire safety principles, and design considerations unique to EMTC, with clear references to relevant OBC articles. It covers everything from structural mass timber element specifications and encapsulation materials, to use and occupancy limits, mixed-use scenarios, and related provisions for structural design, environmental separation, and fire safety during construction. Intended to be read in conjunction with the Ontario Building Code, this is not a design guide, but rather a tool to distill complex regulations into practical, accessible information—equipping professionals to confidently design, review, and approve EMTC projects while ensuring compliance and optimizing performance. Notice of Correction: A previous version of this document contained a small error on page 19. In this electronic version of the document (updated August 12, 2025) the 3rd major bullet of Section 5.1.1 has been corrected.

Insuring Timber Strategy

2023 CWC Annual Report

ICC-ES Listing report for self-tapping screws for Canada

The ICC-ES Listing Report for Self-Tapping Screws for Canada provides third-party evaluation and listing information for self-tapping screws intended for use in Canadian construction applications. The document is intended for designers, engineers, specifiers, and code officials who require verified compliance information to support product approval and specification. The report outlines evaluated products, applicable standards, and conditions of use relevant to Canadian building codes and regulatory requirements. It serves as a reference for understanding the scope of the listing, including performance attributes, installation parameters, and limitations associated with the evaluated self-tapping screw systems. Developed as a compliance and reference document, the ICC-ES Listing Report supports informed decision-making and facilitates code acceptance for self-tapping screws used in wood and hybrid construction in Canada.

Long-Span CLT Floors: the importance of under floor insulation for soundproofing

This Rothoblaas document explores the role of underfloor insulation in improving acoustic performance in long-span cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor systems. Intended for designers, engineers, and building professionals, the document addresses key soundproofing challenges associated with larger spans and exposed timber structures. The document explains how underfloor insulation contributes to reducing airborne and impact sound transmission, with discussion of system behaviour, material selection, and integration with CLT floor assemblies. It also highlights design and construction considerations that influence acoustic performance, including detailing, installation quality, and coordination with other building systems. Developed as a technical reference, this document supports informed design decisions for long-span CLT floors, helping project teams achieve acoustic comfort while maintaining structural and architectural objectives.

Hybrid buildings: what they are and why they’re gaining ground in the construction industry

This Rothoblaas document examines the growing use of hybrid building systems and the factors driving their increased adoption across the construction industry. Intended for architects, engineers, and construction professionals, the document provides an overview of how wood is combined with materials such as steel and concrete to achieve performance, efficiency, and design objectives. The document outlines common hybrid building configurations, key structural and construction considerations, and the benefits these systems can offer, including improved constructability, structural efficiency, and project flexibility. It also explores why hybrid approaches are gaining traction, particularly in response to evolving building codes, sustainability goals, and project delivery demands. Developed as an educational resource, this document supports a clearer understanding of hybrid construction strategies, helping project teams evaluate when and how hybrid systems can be effectively applied in contemporary building projects.

Structural retrofitting techniques and fire safety regulations for structures in glulam

This Rothoblaas document provides an overview of structural retrofitting strategies for glulam buildings, with a focus on meeting fire safety regulations and performance requirements. Intended for engineers, designers, and building professionals, the document addresses key considerations when upgrading or reinforcing existing glulam structures. The document explores common retrofitting techniques, connection solutions, and system-level interventions that can enhance structural capacity while maintaining compliance with fire safety objectives. It also examines how fire regulations influence retrofit design decisions, including material selection, detailing, and protection strategies for glulam elements. Developed as a technical reference, this document supports informed retrofit planning and design, helping project teams balance structural performance, fire safety, and regulatory compliance when working with existing glulam structures.

Timber screws and connections: preventing failure through correct installation

This Rothoblaas document explores the critical role that correct installation plays in the performance and reliability of timber screws and structural connections. Aimed at designers, engineers, and construction professionals, the document highlights how improper installation practices can compromise load capacity, durability, and overall structural performance in wood construction. The document examines common causes of connection failure, including incorrect screw selection, installation angle, spacing, and edge distances. It also outlines best practices and practical considerations to help ensure timber screws and connections perform as intended, from design through on-site installation. Developed as an educational resource, this document supports improved understanding of connection behaviour in timber structures, helping project teams reduce risk, improve build quality, and achieve reliable performance through proper installation techniques.

Privacy Policy

We are pleased to open our Call for Entries and invite North American and International submissions to the 2025 Wood Design and Building Awards program celebrating excellence in wood architecture and construction. The Canadian Wood Council (“CWC”) is committed to upholding the confidentiality and security of your personal information. The CWC respects your right to privacy and have instituted best practices to help ensure that your personal information is handled responsibly. This Policy explains how CWC collects, uses, and discloses personal information that you knowingly provide while using this website and website content (the “Website”) and in any electronic publications, newsletters, or announcements made by it (“Electronic Communications”). By using CWC’s Web sites, you consent to our collection, use, and disclosure of the information you provide, as set out in this Privacy Policy. Any personal information provided to CWC through the Web sites will be treated with care, and subject to this Policy will not be used or disclosed in ways not consented. 1. Scope of this Policy 2. Information Automatically Collected 3. Personal Information You Specifically Provide to the Website 4. Other Matters Your Comments — If you have any comments or questions about this Policy or your personal information, please contact CWC at helpdesk@cwc.ca. Other Websites — The Website may contain links to other Websites or Internet resources. When you click on one of those links you are contacting another Website or Internet resource that may collect information about you voluntarily or through cookies or other technologies. CWC has no responsibility or liability for, or control over those other Websites or Internet resources or their collection, use and disclosure of your personal information. Website Terms of Use — The Terms of Use governing your use of the Website contains important provisions disclaiming and excluding the liability of CWC and others regarding your use of the Website and provisions determining the applicable law and exclusive jurisdiction for the resolution of any disputes regarding your use of the Website. Each of those provisions also applies to any disputes that may arise in relation to this Policy and the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information, and are of the same force and effect as if they had been reproduced directly in this Policy. Former Users — If you stop using the Website or your permission to use the Website is terminated by CWC, CWC may continue to use and disclose your personal information in accordance with this Policy as amended from time to time, and subject to compliance with the law. Privacy Policy Changes — This Policy may be changed by CWC from time to time, without any prior notice or liability to you or any other person. The collection, use and disclosure of your personal information by CWC will be governed by the version of this Policy in effect at that time. New versions of this Policy will be posted here. Your continued use of the Website and receipt or request of any electronic communication subsequent to any changes to this Policy will signify that you consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with the changed Policy. Accordingly, when you use the Website or receive or request any electronic communication, you should check the date of this Policy and review any changes since the last version.

Terms of Use

By accessing and using this website and website content (collectively, the “Website”), you are deemed to have agreed to these terms and conditions of use (the “Terms of Use”) and any other notices, guidelines and rules published by the Canadian Wood Council (“CWC”) on this Website from time to time (each of which is incorporated into these Terms of Use by reference), and all applicable laws and regulations governing the Website. By using this Website you also represent and warrant that you have the legal authority to enter into this Agreement. You also agree to the use of any personal information that you may supply to CWC through this Website, as further described in our Privacy Policy. CWC has the right, in its sole discretion, to add, remove, modify or otherwise change any part of these Terms of Use for the Website, in whole or in part, at any time. Any change will be effective when notice of such change is posted on the Website. Your continued use of this Website after any such change is posted will constitute your acceptance and agreement from you or any party you purport to represent, without limitation or qualification, to be bound by this Agreement as it may be amended from time to time. If any portion of these Terms of Use or any change to these Terms of Use is not acceptable to you, you must discontinue your use of this Website immediately. These Terms of Use apply exclusively to your use of this Website and do not alter the terms or conditions of any other agreement you may have with CWC. 1. Your Use of This Website The Materials included on this site are provided for convenience and informational purposes. CWC grants you a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sub-licensable, revocable, limited license to display on your computer, print, download and use the Website for informational purposes only and solely for your own personal or internal company use. Except as otherwise expressly stated, no other use is permitted. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, you may not use the Website to infringe the rights of, restrict or inhibit anyone else’s use or enjoyment of the Website, disseminate any unlawful or objectionable material, obtain unauthorized access to or interfere with CWC’s computer systems, or otherwise breach applicable laws or regulations. Accessing the Website from locations where its content is illegal is prohibited. Those who choose to access the Website from other locations do so at their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with local laws. 2. Intellectual Property CWC either owns the intellectual property rights in the Website (including, without limitation, underlying HTML,  trademarks, logos, designs, photos, information and material in text, graphical, video and audio forms, images, reports, articles, data, databases, charts, graphics, interfaces, and other content), or has obtained the permission of the owner of the relevant intellectual property for use in connection with the Website. Except for any rights you may have in User Content (as defined below) posted by you on this Website, CWC reserves all rights that are not specifically granted under these Terms of Use. For permission to reproduce any portion of this Website, or to make suggestions for Website improvements, please email us at: helpdesk@cwc.ca. Any authorized reproduction of any portion of this Website must be accompanied by CWC’s copyright notice or the copyright notice of the owner of the relevant copyright, as the case may be. CWC claims no ownership or control over any content including any and all trademarks, logos, designs, photos, information and material in text, graphical, video and audio forms, images, reports, articles, data, databases, charts, graphics, interfaces, and other content submitted, posted or displayed by you on or through the Website (the “User Content”). You or a third party licensor, as the case may be, retain all rights to any User Content you submit, post or display on or through the Website and you are responsible for protecting those rights. 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Because CWC has no control over such sites and resources, you acknowledge and agree that CWC is not responsible for the availability of such external sites or resources, and that CWC does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, services or other materials on or available from such sites or resources. You further acknowledge and agree that CWC shall not be responsible or liable, directly

The 2025 Ottawa Wood Solutions Conference will be presented on February 5, 2025 at the National Arts Centre

December 19, 2024 (Ottawa) – The 2025 Ottawa Wood Solutions Conference will be presented on Wednesday, February 5, 2025, from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm, at the National Arts Centre, located at 1 Elgin St. in Ottawa.  First launched over 20 years ago to serve design and construction professionals interested in building with wood, this event has evolved from a niche gathering into a cornerstone of professional education, driven by the growing demand for sustainable wood construction. The program offers a range of presentations—from technical deep dives to inspiring case studies—catering to participants at every stage of their professional journey, from newcomers to seasoned experts. Attendees can also take advantage of valuable opportunities to connect, collaborate, and expand their professional networks within the wood community.  Conference organizers are delighted to welcome Christophe Ouhayoun of KOZ Architects (France) to share insights into the innovative, collaborative development of the Paris Olympics Athletes’ Village. His presentation will also explore the current effort underway to convert these structures into much-needed permanent housing, highlighting this progressive mass timber development as a model of adaptability and sustainability.  Another program highlight pays tribute to the venue itself. Donald Schmitt, CM, of Diamond Schmitt Architects will present on the revitalization of the National Arts Centre, offering a behind-the-scenes look at the timber structure and prefabrication process that transformed this iconic building into a modern landmark.  Other technical presentations include managing sound and vibration in mass timber buildings and growing Canadian capacity for industrialized wood construction, advancing wood products in our changing climate, and a discussion of the value of conventional wood frame construction in small communities where it provides job opportunities, with a specific focus on Indigenous housing projects.  Early Bird registration of just $99+HST is available until the end of December. In the new year, registration for the conference will be $149 +HST. Delegates can find the Ottawa Wood Solutions Conference on Eventbrite or jump directly to online registration with this link: https://www.eventbrite.ca/e/2025-ottawa-wood-solutions-conference-tickets-1080654991169 A limited number of discounted passes are available for post-secondary educators and students in AEC+D programs of study. Please contact Kelsey Dayler for more information kdayler@cwc.ca.  

Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 23, issue 94

National Model Codes in Canada

On behalf of the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) the National Research Council (NRC) Codes Canada publishes national model codes documents that set out minimum requirements relating to their scope and objectives. These include the National Building Code (NBC), the National Fire Code (NFC), the National Energy Code for Buildings (NECB), the National Plumbing Code (NPC) and other documents. The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) publishes other model codes that address electrical, gas and elevator systems. The NBC is the model building code in Canada that forms the basis of most building design in the country. The NBC is a highly regarded model building code because it is a consensus-based process for producing a model set of requirements which provide for the health and safety of the public in buildings. Its origins are deeply entrenched within Canadian history and culture and a need to house the growing population of Canada safely and economically. Historical events have shaped many of the health and safety requirements of the NBC. Model codes such as the NBC and NECB have no force in law until they are adopted by a government authority having jurisdiction. In Canada, that responsibility resides within the provinces, territories and in some cases, municipalities. Most regions choose to adopt the NBC, or adapt their own version derived from the NBC to suit regional needs. The model codes in Canada are developed by experts, for experts, through a collaborative and consensus-based process that includes input from all segments of the building community. The Canadian model codes build on the best expertise from across Canada and around the world to provide effective building and safety regulations that are harmonized across Canada. The Codes Canada publications are developed by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC). The CCBFC oversees the work of a number of technical standing committees. Representing all major facets of the construction industry, commission members include building and fire officials, architects, engineers, contractors and building owners, as well as members of the public. Canadian Wood Council representatives hold membership status on several of the standing committees and task groups acting under the CCBFC and participate actively in the technical updates and revisions related to aspects of the Canadian model codes that apply to wood building products and systems. During any five-year code-revision cycle, there are many opportunities for the Canadian public to contribute to the process. At least twice during the five-year cycle, proposed changes to the Code are published and the public is invited to comment. This procedure is crucial as it allows input from all those concerned and broadens the scope of expertise of the Committees. Thousands of comments are received and examined by the Committees during each cycle. A proposed change may be approved as written, modified and resubmitted for public review at a later date, or rejected entirely.

Wood design in the National Building Code of Canada

The current edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) is published in an objective-based format intended to allow more flexibility when evaluating non-traditional or alternative solutions. The objective-based format currently in use provides additional information that helps proponents and regulators determine what minimum performance level must be achieved to facilitate evaluation of new alternatives. Although the NBC helps users understand the intent of the requirements, it is understood that proponents and regulators will still have a challenge in terms of demonstrating compliance. In any case, objective-based codes are expected to foster a spirit of innovation and create new opportunities for Canadian manufacturers. Requirements related to the specification of structural wood products and wood building systems that relates to health, safety, accessibility and the protection of buildings from fire or structural damage is set forth in the NBC. The NBC applies mainly to new construction, but also aspects of demolition, relocation, renovation and change of building use. The current NBC was published in 2015, and is usually updated on a five-year cycle. The next update is expected in 2020. In terms of structural design, the NBC specifies loads, while material resistance is referenced through the use of material standards. In the case of engineering design in wood, CSA O86 provides the designer with the means of calculating the resistance values of structural wood products to resist gravity and lateral loads. Additional design information is found in the companion documents to the NBC; Structural Commentaries (User’s Guide – NBC 2015: Part 4 of Division B) and the Illustrated User’s Guide – NBC 2015: Part 9 of Division B, Housing and Small Buildings. In Canada, structural wood products are specified prescriptively or through engineered design, depending on the application and occupancy. Design professionals, such as architects and engineers, are generally required for structures that exceed three-storeys in height or are greater than 600 m2 or if occupancies are not covered by Part 9 ‘Housing and Small Buildings’ of the NBC. Housing and small buildings can be built without a full structural design using prescriptive requirements found in Part 9 of the Code. Some Part 9 requirements are based on calculations, others are based on construction practices that have a proven performance history. Generally prescriptive use is allowed if the following conditions are met: three-stories or less 600m2 or less uses repetitive wood members spaced within 600 mm spans are less than 12.2 meters floor live loads do not exceed 2.4 kPa residential, office, mercantile or medium-to low-hazard industrial occupancy The rationale for not basing all Part 9 requirements on calculations comes from the fact that there has been historical performance and experience with small wood-frame buildings in Canada, in addition to the notion that many of the non-structural elements actually contribute to the structural performance of a wood-frame system. Quantifying the ‘system’ effects on overall behaviour of a wood-frame building cannot be done adequately using typical design assumptions, such as two-dimensional load paths and single member engineering mechanics. In these instances, the requirements for houses and small buildings is based on alternative criteria of a prescriptive nature. These prescriptive criteria are based on an extensive performance history of wood-frame housing and small buildings that meet current day code objectives and requirements. Buildings that fall outside of prescriptive boundaries or are intended for major occupancy or post disaster situations must be designed by design professionals in accordance with Part 4 of the NBC. Structural resistance of wood products and building systems are engineered according to the requirements of CSA O86 in order to resist the loadings described in Part 4 of the NBC.

Mid-Rise Buildings

In the early 1900s, light-frame wood construction and heavy timber, up to ten-storeys in height, was commonplace in major cities throughout Canada. The longevity and continued appeal of these buildings types is apparent in the fact that many of them are still in use today. Over the past decade, there has been a revival in the use of wood for taller buildings in Canada, including mid-rise light-frame wood construction up to six-storeys in height. Mid-rise light-frame wood construction is more than basic 2×4 framing and wood sheathing panels. Advances in wood science and building technology have resulted in stronger, safer, more sophisticated engineered building products and systems that are expanding the options for wood construction, and providing more choices for builders and designers. Modern mid-rise light-frame wood construction in incorporates well researched and safe solutions. The engineering design and technology that has been developed and brought to market is positioning Canada as a leader in the mid-rise wood-frame construction industry. In 2009, via its provincial building codes, British Columbia became the first province in Canada to allow mid-rise buildings to be made from wood. Since this change to the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC), which increased the permissible height for wood frame residential buildings from four- to six-storeys, more than 300 of these structures have been completed or are underway with BC. In 2013 and 2015, Québec, Ontario, and Alberta, respectively, also moved to permit mid-rise wood-frame construction up to six-storeys in height. These regulatory changes indicate that there is clear market confidence in this type of construction. Scientific evidence and independent research has shown that mid-rise wood-frame buildings can meet performance requirements in regard to structural integrity, fire safety, and life safety. That evidence has now also contributed to the addition of new prescriptive provisions for wood construction, as well as paved the way for future changes that will include more permissible uses and ultimately greater permissible heights for wood buildings. As a result of this research, and the successful implementation of many mid-rise wood-frame residential buildings, primarily in British Columbia and Ontario, the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) approved similar changes to the National Model Construction Codes. The 2015 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) permits the construction of six-storey residential, business, and personal services buildings using traditional combustible construction materials. The NBC changes recognize the advancements in wood products and building systems, as well as in fire detection, suppression, and containment systems. In relation to mid-rise wood-frame buildings, several changes to the 2015 NBC are designed to further reduce the risks posed by fire, including: increased use of automatic sprinklers in concealed areas in residential buildings; increased use of sprinklers on balconies; greater water supply for firefighting purposes; and 90 percent noncombustible or limited-combustible exterior cladding on all storeys. Most mid-rise wood-frame buildings are located in the core of smaller municipalities and in the inner suburbs of larger ones, offering economic and sustainability advantages. Mid-rise wood-frame construction supports the goals of many municipalities; densification, affordable housing to accommodate a growing population, sustainability in the built environment and resilient communities. Many of these buildings have employed light-frame wood construction from the ground up, with a five- or six-storey wood-frame structure being constructed on a concrete slab-on-grade, or on top of a concrete basement parking garage; others have been constructed above one- or two-storeys of noncombustible commercial occupancy. Mid-rise wood buildings are inherently more complex and involve the adaptation of structural and architectural details that address considerations related to structural, acoustic, thermal and fire performance design criteria. Several key aspects of design and construction that become more critical in this new generation of mid-rise wood buildings include: increased potential for cumulative shrinkage and differential movement between different types of materials, as a result of the increased building height; increased, dead, live, wind and seismic loads that are a consequence of taller building height; requirements for continuous stacked shearwall layouts; increased fire-resistance ratings for fire separations, as required for buildings of greater height and area; ratings for sound transmission, as required for buildings of multi-family residential occupancy, as well as other uses; potential for longer exposure to the elements during construction; mitigation of risk related to fire during construction; and modified construction sequencing and coordination, resulting from the employment of prefabrication technologies and processes. There are many alternative approaches and solutions to these new design and construction considerations that are associated with mid-rise wood construction systems. Reference publications produced by the Canadian Wood Council provide more detailed discussion, case studies and details for mid-rise design and construction techniques.   For further information, refer to the following resources: Mid-Rise Best Practice Guide (Canadian Wood Council) 2015 Reference Guide: Mid-Rise Wood Construction in the Ontario Building Code (Canadian Wood Council) Mid-Rise 2.0 – Innovative Approaches to Mid-Rise Wood Frame Construction (Canadian Wood Council) Mid-Rise Construction in British Columbia (Canadian Wood Council) National Building Code of Canada Wood Design Manual (Canadian Wood Council) CSA O86 Engineering design in wood Wood for Mid-Rise Construction (Wood WORKS! Atlantic) Fire Safety and Security: A Technical Note on Fire Safety and Security on Construction Sites in British Columbia/Ontario (Canadian Wood Council)

FAQs

What do the experts have to say about wood-frame mid-rise construction? Graham Finch, Building Science Research Engineer Michael Green, Principal, Michael Green Architecture Mid-rise Wood Construction – a detailed look at a changing landscape (Part 1) Mid-rise Wood Construction – a detailed look at a changing landscape (Part 2) Seven-storey wood-frame earthquake test BC Housing is supporting wood-frame construction for seniors’ rental housing Is mid-rise and tall wood building construction a new phenomenon: Wood-frame and heavy timber construction (up to ten storeys) was the norm in the early 1900’s, and many of these buildings still exist and are in use in many Canadian cities. Check them out here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bobkh/337920532/. Over the past 10 years, there is a revival in the use of wood for both mid-rise (up to six-storeys) and tall buildings. In British Columbia alone, as of December 2013, there were over 250 five- and six-storey wood product based mid-rise buildings either in the design or construction phase. Why have code change proposals? This 2015 building code change is not about favoring wood over other building materials; it’s about acknowledging, via the highly thorough code process, that science-based innovation in wood products and building systems can and will lead to more choices for builders and occupants. Are these buildings safe? Regardless of the building material in question, nothing gets built unless it meets code. Mid-rise wood-frame buildings reflect a new standard of engineering in that structural, fire and seismic concerns have all been addressed by the expert committees of the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes. As an example, when it comes to concerns from firefighters, there is increased sprinkler protection for concealed spaces and balconies, greater water supply for fire protection, restrictions on types of building claddings used and increased consideration for access by firefighters . In the end,  when occupied, these buildings fully meet the same requirements of the Building Code as any other type of construction from the perspective of health, safety and accessibility. What are some of the new safety provisions being proposed? Fire safety: Increased level of sprinkler / water protection: More  concealed spaces sprinklered Balconies must be sprinklered Greater water supply for fire protection Non-combustible or limited combustible exterior wall cladding on 5th and 6th storey 25% of perimeter must face one street (within 15m of street) for firefighter access Seismic and wind provisions: Similar to BC Building Code Guidance (Appendix) on impact of increased rain and wind loads for 5- and 6-storey Acoustics: Requirements for Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC) Supported by science from FPInnovations, NRC and many others. Doesn’t wood burn? No building material is impervious to the effects of fire. The proposed code changes go above and beyond the minimum requirements outlined in the NBCC. Health, safety, accessibility, fire and structural protection of buildings remain the core objectives of the NBCC and wood industry at large. What about construction site safety? The Canadian Wood Council has developed construction site fire safety guides which outline best practices and safety precautions to take during the construction phase of a building. Are mid-rise wood-frame buildings cost effective? For the most part, yes. Mid-rise wood-frame buildings are often a less expensive construction option for builders. This is good news for main-street Canada where land is so expensive. The recommended changes to the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) would give the opportunity to erect safe, code compliant buildings that would otherwise not be possible. The net benefit of reduced construction costs is increased affordability for home buyers. In terms of new economic opportunity, the ability to move forward “now” creates new construction jobs in cities and supports employment in forestry communities. This also offers increased export opportunities for current and innovative wood products, where adoption in Canada provides the example for other countries.

Preservative Treated Wood

Preservative-treated wood is surface coated or pressure impregnated with chemicals that improve the resistance to damage that can result from biological deterioration (decay) due to the action of fungi, insects, and microorganisms. Preservative treatment offers a means for improving the resistance and extending the service life of those wood species which do not have sufficient natural resistance under certain in-use conditions. It is possible to extend the service life of untreated wood products by up to ten times through the use of preservative treatment. Preservative-treated wood can be used for exterior structures that require resistance to fungal decay and termites, such as: bridges, utility poles, railway ties, docks, marinas, fences, gazebos, pergolas, playground equipment, and landscaping. Four factors are necessary to sustain life for wood destroying fungi; a suitable food supply (wood fibre), a sustained minimum wood moisture content of about 20 percent (common for exterior use conditions), exposure to air, and a favourable temperature for growth (cold temperatures inhibit, but do not eliminate fungi growth). Preservative treatment is effective because it removes the food supply by making it poisonous to the fungi and wood destroying insects such as termites. An effective wood preservative must have the ability to penetrate the wood, neutralize the food supply of fungi and insects, and be present in sufficient quantities in a non-leachable form. Effective preservatives will also kill existing fungi and insects that might already exist in the wood. There are two basic methods of treating wood; with and without pressure. Non-pressure methods include the application of preservative by brushing, spraying or dipping the piece of wood. These superficial treatments do not result in deep penetration or large absorption of preservative and are typically restricted to field treatment during construction. Deeper and more thorough penetration is achieved by driving the preservative into the wood cells with pressure. Various combinations of pressure and vacuum are used to force adequate levels of chemical into the wood. For a wood preservative to function effectively it must be applied under controlled conditions, to specifications known to ensure that the preservative-treated wood will perform under specific in-use conditions. The manufacture and application of wood preservatives are governed by the CSA O80 series of standards. CSA O80 provides information on the wood species that may be treated, the types of preservatives and the retention and penetration of preservative in the wood that must be achieved for the use category or application. To ensure that the specified degree of protection will be provided, a preservative-treated wood product may bear a stamp indicating the suitability for a specific use category. Wood preservatives in Canada are governed by the Pest Control Products Act and must be registered with the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada. Common types of wood preservatives that are used in Canada include chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), copper azole (CA), micronized copper azole (MCA), borates, creosote, pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate and zinc naphthenate.   Acid salts can lessen the strength of wood if they are present in large concentrations. The concentrations used in preservative-treated wood are sufficiently small so that they do not affect the strength properties under normal use conditions. In some cases, the specified strength and stiffness of wood is reduced due to incising of the wood during the pressure impregnation process (refer to CSA O86 for further information on structural design reduction factors). Hot dipped galvanized or stainless steel fasteners and connection hardware are usually required to be used in conjunction with preservative-treated wood. There may be additional materials, such as polymer or ceramic coatings, or vinyl or plastic flashings that are suitable for use with preservative-treated wood products. The manufacturer should be consulted prior to specification of fasteners and connection hardware.   For further information, refer to the following resources: www.durable-wood.com Wood Preservation Canada Canadian Wood Preservation Association CSA O80 Series Wood preservation CSA O86 Engineering design in wood Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Health Canada American Wood Protection Association

Nails

Nailing is the most basic and most commonly used means of attaching members in wood frame construction. Common nails and spiral nails are used extensively in all types of wood construction. Historical performance, along with research results have shown that nails are a viable connection for wood structures with light to moderate loads. They are particularly useful in locations where redundancy and ductile connections are required, such as loading under seismic events. Typical structural applications for nailed connections include: wood frame construction post and beam construction heavy timber construction shearwalls and diaphragms nailed gussets for wood truss construction wood panel assemblies Nails and spikes are manufactured in many lengths, diameters, styles, materials, finishes and coatings, each designed for a specific purpose and application. In Canada, nails are specified by the type and length and are still manufactured to Imperial dimensions. Nails are made in lengths from 13 to 150 mm (1/2 to 6 in). Spikes are made in lengths from 100 to 350 mm (4 to 14 in) and are generally stockier than nails, that is, a spike has a larger cross-sectional area than an equivalent length common nail. Spikes are generally longer and thicker than nails and are generally used to fasten heavy pieces of timber. Nail diameter is specified by gauge number (British Imperial Standard). The gauge is the same as the wire diameter used in the manufacture of the nail. Gauges vary according to nail type and length. In the U.S., the length of nails is designated by “penny” abbreviated “d”. For example, a twenty-penny nail (20d) has a length of four inches. The most common nails are made of low or medium carbon steels or aluminum. Medium-carbon steels are sometimes hardened by heat treating and quenching to increase toughness. Nails of copper, brass, bronze, stainless steel, monel and other special metals are available if specially ordered. Table 1, below, provides examples of some common applications for nails made of different materials. TABLE 1: Nail applications for alternative materials Material Abbreviation Application Aluminum A For improved appearance and long life: increased strain and corrosion resistance. Steel – Mild S For general construction. Steel – Medium Carbon Sc For special driving conditions: improved impact resistance. Stainless steel, copper and silicon bronze E For superior corrosion resistance: more expensive than hot-dip galvanizing. Uncoated steel nails used in areas subject to wetting will corrode, react with extractives in the wood, and result in staining of the wood surface. In addition, the naturally occurring extractives in cedars react with unprotected steel, copper and blued or electro-galvanized fasteners. In such cases, it is best to use nails made of non-corrosive material, such as stainless steel, or finished with non-corrosive material such as hot-dipped galvanized zinc. Table 2, below, provides examples of some common applications for alternative finishes and coatings of nails. TABLE 2: Nail applications for alternative finishes and coatings Nail Finish or Coating Abbreviation Application Bright B For general construction, normal finish, not recommended for exposure to weather. Blued Bl For increased holding power in hardwood, thin oxide finish produced by heat treatment. Heat treated Ht For increased stiffness and holding power: black oxide finish. Phoscoated Pt For increased holding power; not corrosion resistant. Electro galvanized Ge For limited corrosion resistance; thin zinc plating; smooth surface; for interior use. Hot-dip galvanized Ghd For improved corrosion resistance; thick zinc coating; rough surface; for exterior use. Pneumatic or mechanical nailing guns have found wide-spread acceptance in North America due to the speed with which nails can be driven. They are especially cost effective in repetitive applications such as in shearwall construction where nail spacing can be considerably closer together. The nails for pneumatic guns are lightly attached to each other or joined with plastic, allowing quick loading nail clips, similar to joined paper staples. Fasteners for these tools are available in many different sizes and types. Design information provided in CSA O86 is applicable only for common round steel wire nails, spikes and common spiral nails, as defined in CSA B111. The ASTM F1667 Standard is also widely accepted and includes nail diameters that are not included in the CSA B111. Other nail-type fastenings not described in CSA B111 or ASTM F1667 may also be used, if supporting data is available. Types of Nails For more information, refer to the following resources: International, Staple, Nail, and Tool Association (ISANTA) CSA O86 Engineering design in wood CSA B111 Wire Nails, Spikes and Staples ASTM F1667 Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes and Staples

Screws

Wood screws are manufactured in many different lengths, diameters and styles. Wood screws in structural framing applications such as fastening floor sheathing to the floors joists or the attachment of gypsum wallboard to wall framing members. Wood screws are often higher in cost than nails due to the machining required to make the thread and the head. Screws are usually specified by gauge number, length, head style, material and finish. Screw lengths between 1 inch and 2 ¾ inch lengths are manufactured in ¼ inch intervals, whereas screws 3 inches and longer, are manufactured in ½ inch intervals. Designers should check with suppliers to determine availability. Design provisions in Canada are limited to 6, 8, 10 and 12 gauge screws and are applicable only for wood screws that meet the requirements of ASME B18.6.1. For wood screw diameters greater than 12 gauge, design should be in accordance with the lag screw requirements of CSA O86. Screws are designed to be much better at resisting withdrawal than nails. The length of the threaded portion of the screw is approximately two-thirds of the screw length. Where the wood relative density is equal to or greater than 0.5, lead holes, at least the length of the threaded portion of the shank, are required. In order to reduce the occurrence of splitting, pre-drilled holes are recommended for all screw connections. The types of wood screws commonly used are shown in Figure 5.4, below. For more information on wood screws, refer to the following resources: ASME B18.6.1 Wood Screws CSA O86 Engineering design in wood

Timber Joinery

Many historic structures in North America were built at a time when metal fasteners were not readily available. Instead, wood members were joined by shaping the adjoining wood members to interlock with one another. Timber joinery is a traditional post and beam wood construction technique used to connect wood members without the use of metal fasteners. Timber joinery requires that the ends of timbers are carved out so that they fit together like puzzle pieces. The variations and configurations of wood-to-wood joints is quite large and complex. Some common wood-to-wood timber joints include mortise and tenon, dovetail, tying joint, scarf joint, bevelled shoulder joint, and lap joint. There are many variations and combinations of these and other types of timber joinery. Refer to Figure 5.18, below, for some examples of timber joinery. For load transfer, timber joinery relies upon the interlocking of adjoining wood members. The mated joints are restrained by inserting wooden pegs into holes bored through the interlocked members. A hole about an inch in diameter is drilled right through the joint, and a wooden peg is pounded in to hold the joint together. Metal fasteners require only minimal removal of wood fibre in the area of the fasteners and therefore, the capacity of the system is often governed by the moderate sized wood members to carry horizontal and vertical loads. Timber joinery, on the contrary, requires the removal of a significant volume of wood fibre where joints occur. For this reason, the capacity of traditional timber joinery construction is usually governed by the connections and not by the capacity of the members themselves. To accommodate for the removal of wood fibre at the connection locations, member sizes of wood construction systems that employ timber joinery, such as post and beam construction, are often larger than wood construction systems that make use of metal fasteners. Wood engineering design standards in Canada do not provide specific load transfer information for timber joinery due to their sensitivity to workmanship and material quality. As a result, engineering design must be conservative, often resulting in larger member sizes. The amount of skill and time required for measuring, fitting, cutting, and trial assembly is far greater for timber joinery than for other types of wood construction. Therefore, it is not the most economical means of connecting the members of wood buildings. Timber joinery is not used where economy is the overriding design criteria. Instead, it is used to provide a unique structural appearance which portrays the natural beauty of wood without distraction. Timber joinery offers a unique visual appearance exhibiting a high degree of craftmanship.   For further information, refer to the following resources: Timber Framers Guild  

Plywood

Plywood is a widely recognized engineered wood-based panel product that has been used in Canadian construction projects for decades. Plywood panels manufactured for structural applications are built up from multiple layers or plys of softwood veneer that are glued together so that the grain direction of each layer of veneer is perpendicular to that of the adjacent layers. These cross-laminated sheets of wood veneer are bonded together with a waterproof phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive and cured under heat and pressure. Plywood panels have superior dimensional stability, two-way strength and stiffness properties and an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. They are also highly resistant to impact damage, chemicals, and changes in temperature and relative humidity. Plywood remains flat to give a smooth, uniform surface that does not crack, cup or twist. Plywood can be painted, stained, or ordered with factory applied stains or finishes. Plywood is available with squared or tongue and groove edges, the latter of which can help to reduce labour and material costs by eliminating the need for panel edge blocking in certain design scenarios. Plywood is suitable for a variety of end uses in both wet and dry service conditions, including: subflooring, single-layer flooring, wall, roof and floor sheathing, structural insulated panels, marine applications, webs of wood I-joists, concrete formwork, pallets, industrial containers, and furniture. Plywood panels used as exterior wall and roof sheathing perform multiple functions; they can provide resistance to lateral forces such as wind and earthquake loads and also form an integral component of the building envelope. Plywood may be used as both a structural sheathing and a finish cladding. For exterior cladding applications, specialty plywoods are available in a broad range of patterns and textures, combining the natural characteristics of wood with superior strength and stiffness properties. When treated with wood preservatives, plywood is also suitable for use under extreme and prolonged moisture exposure such as permanent wood foundations. Plywood is available in a wide variety of appearance grades, ranging from smooth, natural surfaces suitable for finish work to more economical unsanded grades used for sheathing. Plywood is available in more than a dozen common thicknesses and over twenty different grades. Unsanded sheathing grade Douglas Fir Plywood (DFP), conforming to CSA O121, and Canadian Softwood Plywood (CSP), conforming to CSA O151, are the two most common types of softwood plywoods produced in Canada. All structural plywood products are marked with a legible and durable grade stamp that indicates: conformance to either CSA O121, CSA O151 or CSA O153, the manufacturer, the bond type (EXTERIOR), the species (DFP) or (CSP), and the grade. Plywood can be chemically treated to improve resistance to decay or to fire. Preservative treatment must be done by a pressure process, in accordance with CSA O80 standards. It is required that plywood manufacturers carry out testing in conformance with ASTM D5516 and ASTM D6305 to determine the effects of fire retardants, or any other potentially strength-reducing chemicals.   For further information, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association CSA O121 Douglas fir plywood, CSA O151 Canadian softwood plywood CSA O153 Poplar plywood CSA O86 Engineering design in wood CSA O80 Wood preservation ASTM D5516 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Fire-Retardant Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed to Elevated Temperatures ASTM D6305 Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength Design Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof Sheathing National Building Code of Canada Example Specifications for Plywood Plywood Grades Plywood Handling and Storage Plywood Manufacture Plywood Sizes Quality Control of Plywood

Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood

“Fire-retardant treated wood” (FRTW), as defined by the National Building Code of Canada (NBC), is ‘…wood or a wood product that has had its surface-burning characteristics, such as flame spread, rate of fuel contribution and density of smoke developed, reduced by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals.’ FRTW must be pressure impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals in accordance with the CAN/CSA-O80 Series of Standards, Wood Preservation and when fire-tested for its surface flammability, must have a flame spread rating not more than 25. Fire-retardant chemical treatments applied to FRTW retard the spread of flame and limit smoke production from wood in fire situations. FRTW products are harder to ignite than untreated wood products and preservative treated wood products. Fire-retardant treatments applied to FRTW enhances the fire performance of the products by reducing the amount of heat released during the initial stages of fire. The treatments also reduce the amount of flammable volatiles released during fire exposure. This results in a reduction in the rate of flame spread over the surface. When the flame source is removed, FRTW ceases to char. FRTW contains different chemicals than preservative treated wood. However, the same manufacturing process is used to apply the chemicals. FRTW must be kiln-dried after treatment to a moisture content of 19% for lumber and 15% for plywood. The fire-retardant treatments used in FRTW do not generally interfere with the adhesion of surface paints and coatings unless the FRTW has an increased moisture content. The finishing characteristics of specific products should be discussed with the manufacturer. Typical interior applications of FRTW include architectural millwork, paneling, roof assemblies/trusses, beams, interior load bearing and non-load bearing partitions. Exterior-type fire retardants use different chemical formulations from those used for interior applications, since they must pass an accelerated weathering test (ASTM D2898), which exposes FRTW to regular wetting and drying cycles to represent actual long-term outdoor conditions. Generally, exterior-type fire retardants are applied to shingles and shakes. FRTW can be crosscut to length (not ripped) and drilled for holes following treatment without reducing its effectiveness. End cuts in the field, whether exposed or butt jointed, do not require treatment, since any untreated areas are relatively small compared to the total surface area and the flame spread rating remains unaffected. Plywood can be both crosscut and ripped without concern, since the chemical treatment has penetrated throughout the individual layers/plys. FRTW is not excessively corrosive to metal fasteners and other hardware, even in areas of high relative humidity. In fact, testing has demonstrated that FRTW is no more corrosive than untreated wood.   Exterior use of FRTW Fire retardant coatings Fire-retardant-treated wood roof systems Flame-spread rating   For more information on FRTW, visit the manufacture’s websites: Arch Wood Protection, Lonza: www.wolmanizedwood.com Viance LLC: www.treatedwood.com

Grades

Visual grading of dimension lumber In Canada, we are fortunate to have forests that are capable of producing dimension lumber that is desirable for use as structural wood products. Some primary factors that contribute to the production of lumber that is desirable for structural uses include; a favourable northern climate that is conducive to tree growth, many Canadian species contain small knots, and many of the Western Canadian species grow to heights of thirty meters or more, providing long sections of clear knot free wood and straight grain. The majority of the structural wood products are grouped within the spruce-pine-fir (S-P-F) species combination, which has the following advantages for structural applications: straight grain good workability light weight moderate strength small knots ability to hold nails and screws There are more than a hundred softwood species in North America. To simplify the supply and use of structural softwood lumber, species having similar strength characteristics, and typically grown in the same region, are combined. Having a smaller number of species combinations makes it easier to design and select an appropriate species and for installation and inspection on the job site. In contrast, non-structural wood products are graded solely on the basis of appearance quality and are typically marked and sold under an individual species (e.g., Eastern White Pine, Western Red Cedar). Canadian dimension lumber is manufactured in accordance with CSA O141 Canadian Standard Lumber and must conform to the requirements of the Canadian and US lumber grading rules. Each piece of dimension lumber is inspected to determine its grade and a stamp is applied indicating the assigned grade, the mill identification number, a green (S-Grn) or dry (S-Dry) moisture content at time of surfacing, the species or species group, the grading authority having jurisdiction over the mill of origin, and the grading rule used, where applicable. Dimension lumber is generally grade stamped on one face at a distance of approximately 600 mm (2 ft) from one end of the piece, in order to ensure that the stamp will be clearly visible during construction. Specialty items, such as lumber manufactured for millwork or for decorative purposes, are seldom marked. To ensure this uniform quality of dimension lumber, Canadian mills are required to have each piece of lumber graded by lumber graders who are approved by an accredited grading agency. Grading agencies are accredited by the CLSAB. NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber provide a list of the permitted characteristics within each grade of dimension lumber. The grade of a given piece of dimension lumber is based on the visual observations of certain natural characteristics of the wood. Most softwood lumber is assigned either an appearance grade or a structural grade based on a visual review performed by a lumber grader.   The lumber grader is an integral part of the lumber manufacturing process. Using established correlations between appearance and strength, lumber graders are trained to assign a strength grade to dimensional lumber based on the presence or absence of certain natural characteristics. Examples of such characteristics include; the presence of wane (bark remnant on the outer edge), size and location of knots, the slope of the grain relative to the long axis and the size of shakes, splits and checks. Other characteristics are limited by the grading rules for appearance reasons only. Some of these include sap and heart stain, torn grain and planer skips. The table below shows a sample of a few of the criteria used to assess grades for 2×4 dimensional lumber that is categorized as ‘structural light framing’ or as ‘structural joist and plank’. Grades Characteristic Select Structural No.1 & No. 2 No. 3 Edge of wide face knots ¾” 1 ¼” 1 ¾” Slope of grain 1 in 12 1 in 8 1 in 4 To keep sorting cost to a minimum, grades may be grouped together. For example, there is an appearance difference between No.1 and No.2 visually graded dimension lumber, but not a difference in strength. Therefore, the grade mark ‘No.2 and better’ is commonly used where the visual appearance of No.1 grade dimensional lumber is not required, for example, in the construction of joists, rafters or trusses. Pieces of the same grade must be bundled together with the engineering properties dictated by the lowest strength grade in the bundle. Dimension lumber is aggregated into the following four grade categories: Structural light framing, Structural joists and planks, Light framing, and Stud. The table below shows the grades and uses for these categories.   Grade Category Size Grades Common Grade Mix Principal Uses Structural Light Framing 38 to 89mm (2″ to 4″ nom.) thick and wide Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3 No.2 and Better Used for engineering applications such as for trusses, lintels, rafters, and joists in the smaller dimensions. Structural Joists and Planks 38 to 89mm (2″ to 4″ nom.) thick and 114mm (5″ nom.) or more wide Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3 No.2 and Better Used for engineering applications such as for trusses, lintels, rafters, and joists in the dimensions greater than 114mm (5″ nom.). Light Framing 38 to 89mm (2″ to 4″ nom.) thick and wide Construction, Standard, Utility Standard and Better (Std. & Btr.) Used for general framing where high strength values are not required such as for plates, sills, and blocking. Studs 38 to 89mm (2″ to 4″ nom.) thick and 38 to 140mm (2″ to 6″ nom.) wide and 3m (10′) or less in length Stud, Economy Stud Made principally for use in walls. Stud grade is suitable for bearing wall applications. Economy grade is suitable for temporary applications. Notes: Grades may be bundled individually or they may be individually stamped, but they must be grouped together with the engineering properties dictated by the lowest strength grade in the bundle. The common grade mix shown is the most economical blending of strength for most applications where appearance is not a factor and average strength is acceptable. Except for economy grade, all grades are stress graded, meaning specified strengths have been

Canadian Species

Canadian species of visually graded lumber There are more than a hundred softwood species in North America. To simplify the supply and use of structural softwood lumber, species having similar strength characteristics, and typically grown in the same region, are combined. Having a smaller number of species combinations makes it easier to design and select an appropriate species and for installation and inspection on the job site. In contrast, non-structural wood products are graded solely on the basis of appearance quality and are typically marked and sold under an individual species (e.g., Eastern White Pine, Western Red Cedar). The Spruce-Pine-Fir (S-P-F) species group grows abundantly throughout Canada and makes up by far the largest proportion of dimension lumber production. The other major commercial species groups for Canadian dimension lumber are Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir and Northern Species. The four species groups of Canadian lumber and their characteristics are shown below. Species Combination: Douglas Fir-Larch Abbreviation: D.Fir-L or DF-L Species Included in Combination Growth Region Douglas Fir   Western Larch Characteristics Colour Ranges Reddish brown to yellow High degree of hardness Good resistance to decay Species Combination: Hem-Fir Abbreviation: Hem-Fir or H-F Species Included in Combination Growth Region Pacific Coast Hemlock    Amabilis Fir  Characteristics Colour Ranges Yellow brown to white Works easily Takes paint well Holds nails well Good gluing characteristics Species Combination: Spruce-Pine-Fir Abbreviation: S-P-F Species Included in Combination Growth Region White Spruce   Engleman Spruce     Red Spruce   Black Spruce  Jack Pine   Lodgepole Pine   Balsam Fir    Alpine Fir     Characteristics Colour Ranges White to pale yellow Works easily Takes paint well Holds nails well Good gluing charateristics    Species Combination: Northern Species Abbreviation: North or Nor  Species Included in Combination  Growth Region  Western Red Cedar   Characteristics  Colour Ranges  Reddish brown heartwood, light sapwood Exceptional resistance to decay Moderate strength High in appearance qualities Works easily Takes fine finishes Lowest shrinkage    Also Included in Northern Species  Species Included in Combination  Growth Region  Red Pine     Characteristics  Colour Ranges Works easily    Also Included in Northern Species  Species Included in Combination Growth Region  Ponderosa Pine    Characteristics  Colour Ranges  Takes finishes well Holds nails well Holds screws well Seasons with little checking or cupping    Also Included in Northern Species  Species Included in Combination  Growth Region  Western White Pine  Eastern White Pine     Characteristics  Colour Ranges  Creamy white to light straw brown heartwood, almost white sapwood Works easily Finishes well Doeasn’t tend to split or splinter Holds nails well Low shrinkage Takes stain, paints & varnishes well    Also Included in Northern Species  Species Included in Combination  Growth Region  Trembling Aspen  Largetooth Aspen  Balsam Poplar     Characteristics  Colour Ranges Works easily Finishes well Holds nails well   Below is a map of the forest regions in Canada and the principal tree species that grow in each region. Click to enlarge the map. This map appears courtesy of Natural Resources Canada.

Adhesives

Adhesives can also be referred to as resins. Many engineered wood products, including finger-joined lumber, plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), glulam, cross-laminated timber (CLT), wood I-joists and other structural composite lumber products, require the use of adhesives to transfer the stresses between adjoining wood fibres. Waterproof adhesives and heat resistant adhesives are commonly used in the manufacture of structural wood products. Advances in adhesive technology to address challenges associated with increased production rates, visual appearance, process emissions and environmental impact concerns, have resulted in a wider range of innovative structural adhesive products. It is imperative that this new generation of adhesives achieve the same level of performance as traditional structural wood product adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) or phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). Examples of different structural wood product adhesives families include, but are not limited to: Emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI); One-component polyurethane (PUR); Phenolic resins such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). Various types of extenders such as walnut shell flour, Douglas fir bark flour, alder bark flour, and wood flour are sometimes used to reduce cost, control penetration into the wood fibre or moderate strength properties for the specific materials being bonded. There are several industry standards that may be used to evaluate the performance of structural wood product adhesives, including: CSA O112.6 Phenol and phenol-resorcinol resin adhesives for wood (high-temperature curing) CSA O112.7 Resorcinol and phenol-resorcinol resin adhesives for wood (room- and intermediate-temperature curing) CSA O112.9 Evaluation of adhesives for structural wood products (exterior exposure) CSA O112.10 Evaluation of adhesives for structural wood products (limited moisture exposure) CAN/CSA O160 Formaldehyde emissions standard for composite wood products ASTM D7247 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonds in Laminated Wood Products at Elevated Temperatures ASTM D7374 Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated Temperature Performance of Adhesives Used in End-Jointed Lumber

Bolts

Bolts are widely used in wood construction. They are able to resist moderately heavy loads with relatively few connectors. Bolts may be used in wood-to-wood, wood-to-steel and wood-to-concrete connection types. Some typical structural applications for bolts include: purlin to beam connections beam to column connections column to base connections truss connections timber arches post and beam construction pole-frame construction timber bridges marine structures Several types of bolts as shown in Figure 5.10 below, are used for wood construction with the hexagon head type being the most common. Countersunk heads are used where a flush surface is desired. Carriage bolts can be tightened by turning the nut without holding the bolt since the shoulders under the head grip the wood. Bolts are commonly available in imperial diameters of 1/4, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8 and 1 inch. Bolts are installed in holes drilled slightly (1 to 2 mm) larger than the bolt diameter to prevent any splitting and stress development that could be caused by installation or subsequent wood shrinkage. Depending on the diameter, bolts are available in lengths from 75 mm (3″) up to 400 mm (16″) with other lengths available on special order. Bolts can be dipped or plated, at an additional cost, to provide resistance to corrosion. In exposed conditions and high moisture environments, corrosion should be resisted by using hot dip galvanized or stainless steel bolts, washers and nuts. Washers are commonly used with bolts to keep the bolt head or nut from crushing the wood member when tightening is taking place. Washers are not required with a steel side plate, as the bolt head or nut bears directly on the steel. Common types of washers are shown in Figure 5.11 below. Design information provided in CWC’s Wood Design Manual is based on bolts conforming to the requirements of ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60 000 PSI Tensile Strength or Grade 2 bolts and dowels as specified under SAE J429 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners.     Download Figure 5.10 (and 5.11) as a PDF.

Framing Connectors

Framing connectors are proprietary products and include fastener types such as; framing anchors, framing angles, joist, purling and beam hangers, truss plates, post caps, post anchors, sill plate anchors, steel straps and nail-on steel plates. Framing connectors are often used for different reasons, such as; their ability to provide connections within prefabricated light-frame wood trusses, their ability to resist wind uplift and seismic loads, their ability to reduce the overall depth of a floor or roof assembly, or their ability to resist higher loads than traditional nailed connections. Examples of some common framing connectors are shown in Figure 5.6, below. Framing connectors are made of sheet metal and are manufactured with pre-punched holes to accept nails. Standard framing connectors are commonly manufactured using 20- or 18-gauge zinc coated sheet steel. Medium and heavy-duty framing connectors can be made from heavier zinc-coated steel, usually 12-gauge and 7-gauge, respectively. The load transfer capacity of framing connectors is related to the thickness of the sheet metal as well as the number of nails used to fasten the framing connector to the wood member. Framing connectors are suitable for most connection geometries that use dimensional lumber that is 38 mm (2″ nom.) and thicker lumber. In light-frame wood construction, framing connectors are commonly used in connections between joists and headers; rafters and plates or ridges; purlins and trusses; and studs and sill plates. Certain types of framing connectors, manufactured to fit larger wood members and carry higher loads, are also suitable for mass timber and post and beam construction. Manufacturers of the framing connectors will specify the type and number of fasteners, along with the installation procedures that are required in order to achieve the tabulated resistance(s) of the connection. The Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction (IRC), produce evaluation reports that document resistance values of framing connectors, which are derived from testing results.   Figure 5.6 Framing Connectors   For more information, refer to the following resources: Canadian Construction Material Centre, National Research Council of Canada Truss Plate Institute of Canada CSA S347 Method of Test for Evaluation of Truss Plates used in Lumber Joints ASTM D1761 Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood Canadian Wood Truss Association

Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a widely used, versatile structural wood panel. OSB makes efficient use of forest resources, by employing less valuable, fast-growing species. OSB is made from abundant, small diameter poplar and aspen trees to produce an economical structural panel. The manufacturing process can make use of crooked, knotty and deformed trees which would not otherwise have commercial value, thereby maximizing forest utilization. OSB has the ability to provide structural performance advantages, an important component of the building envelope and cost savings. OSB is a dimensionally stable wood-based panel that has the ability to resist delamination and warping. OSB can also resist racking and shape distortion when subjected to wind and seismic loadings. OSB panels are light in weight and easy to handle and install. OSB panels are primarily used in dry service conditions as roof, wall and floor sheathing, and act as key structural components for resisting lateral loads in diaphragms and shearwalls. OSB is also used as the web material for some types of prefabricated wood I-joists and the skin material for structural insulated panels. OSB can also be used in siding, soffit, floor underlayment and subfloor applications. Some specialty OSB products are made for siding and for concrete formwork, although OSB is not commonly treated using preservatives. OSB has many interleaved layers which provide the panel with good nail and screw holding properties. Fasteners can be driven as close as 6 mm (1/4 in) from the panel edge without risk of splitting or breaking out. OSB is a structural mat-formed panel product that is made from thin strands of aspen or poplar, sliced from small diameter roundwood logs or blocks, and bonded together with a waterproof phenolic adhesive that is cured under heat and pressure. OSB is also manufactured using the southern yellow pine species in the United States. Other species, such as birch, maple or sweetgum can also be used in limited quantities during manufacture. OSB is manufactured with the surface layer strands aligned in the long panel direction, while the inner layers have random or cross alignment. Similar to plywood, OSB is stronger along the long axis compared to the narrow axis. This random or cross orientation of the strands and wafers results in a structural engineered wood panel with consistent stiffness and strength properties, as well as dimensional stability. It is also possible to produce directionally-specific strength properties by adjusting the orientation of strand or wafer layers. The wafers or strands used in the manufacture of OSB are generally up to 150 mm (6 in) long in the grain direction, 25 mm (1 in) wide and less than 1 mm (1/32″) in thickness. In Canada, OSB panels are manufactured to meet the requirements of the CSA O325 standard. This standard sets performance ratings for specific end uses such as floor, roof and wall sheathing in light-frame wood construction. Sheathing conforming to CSA O325 is referenced in Part 9 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC). In addition, design values for OSB construction sheathing are listed in CSA O86, allowing for engineering design of roof sheathing, wall sheathing and floor sheathing using OSB conforming to CSA O325. OSB panels are manufactured in both imperial and metric sizes, and are either square-edged or tongue-and-grooved on the long edges for panels 15 mm (19/32 in) and thicker. For more information on available sizes of OSB panel, refer to the document below. For more information on OSB, please refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association National Building Code of Canada CSA O86 Engineering design in wood CSA O325 Construction sheathing CSA O437 Standards on OSB and Waferboard PFS TECO Example specifications for oriented strand board (OSB) Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Grades Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Manufacture Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Quality Control Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Sizes Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Storage and Handling

Laminate Veneer Lumber

First used during World War II to make airplane propellers, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) has been available as a construction product since the mid-1970s. LVL is the most widely used structural composite lumber (SCL) product and provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of LVL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. LVL is commonly fabricated using wood species such as Douglas fir, Larch, Southern yellow pine and Poplar. LVL is used primarily as structural framing for residential and commercial construction. Common applications of LVL in construction include headers and beams, hip and valley rafters, scaffold planking, and the flange material for prefabricated wood I-joists. LVL can also been used in roadway sign posts and as truck bed decking. LVL is made of dried and graded wood veneer which is coated with a waterproof phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive, assembled in an arranged pattern, and formed into billets by curing in a heated press. The LVL billet is then sawn to desired dimensions depending on the end use application. The grain of each layer of veneer runs in the same (long) direction with the result that LVL is able to be loaded on its short edge (strong axis) as a beam or on its wide face (weak axis) as a plank. This type of lamination is called parallel-lamination and produces a material with greater uniformity and predictability than engineered wood products fabricated using cross-lamination, such as plywood. LVL is a solid, highly predictable, uniform lumber product due to the fact that natural defects such as knots, slope of grain and splits have been dispersed throughout the material or have been removed altogether during the manufacturing process. The most common thickness of LVL is 45 mm (1-3/4 in), from which wider beams can be easily constructed by fastening multiple LVL plies together on site. LVL can also be manufactured in thicknesses from 19 mm (3/4 in) to 178 mm (7 in). Commonly used LVL beam depths are 241 mm (9-1/2 in), 302 mm (11-7/8 in), 356 mm (14 in), 406 mm (16 in), 476 mm (18-3/4 in) and 606 mm (23-7/8 in). Other widths and depths might also be available from specific manufacturers. LVL is available in lengths up to 24.4 m (80 ft), while more common lengths are 14.6 m (48 ft), 17 m (56 ft), 18.3 m (60 ft) and 20.1 m (66 ft). LVL can easily be cut to length at the jobsite. All special cutting, notching or drilling should be done in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. LVL is a wood-based product with similar fire performance to a comparably sized solid sawn lumber or glued-laminated beam. Manufacturer’s catalogues and evaluation reports are the primary sources of information for design, typical installation details and performance characteristics. LVL is mainly used as a structural element, most often in concealed spaces where appearance is not important. Finished or architectural grade appearance is available from some manufacturers, usually at an additional cost. However, when it is desired to use LVL in applications where appearance is important, common wood finishing techniques can be used to accent grain and to protect the wood surface. In finished appearance, LVL resembles plywood or lumber on the wide face. As with any other wood product, LVL should be protected from the weather during jobsite storage and after installation. Wrapping of the product for shipment to the job site is important in providing moisture protection. End and edge sealing of the product will enhance its resistance to moisture penetration. LVL is a proprietary product and therefore, the specific engineering properties and sizes are unique to each manufacturer. Thus, LVL does not have a common standard of production and common design values. Design values are derived from test results analysed in accordance with CSA O86 and ASTM D5456 and the design values are reviewed and approved by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC). Products meeting the CCMC guidelines receive an Evaluation Number and Evaluation Report that includes the specified design strengths, which are subsequently listed in CCMC’s Registry of Product Evaluations. The manufacturer’s name or product identification and the stress grade is marked on the material at various intervals, but due to end cutting it may not be present on every piece.   For further information, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction CSA O86 Engineering design in wood ASTM D5456 Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products

Laminated Strand Lumber

Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) is one of the more recent structural composite lumber (SCL) products to come into widespread use. LSL provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of LSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. LSL is commonly fabricated using fast growing wood species such as Aspen and Poplar. LSL is used primarily as structural framing for residential, commercial and industrial construction. Common applications of LSL in construction include headers and beams, tall wall studs, rim board, sill plates, millwork and window framing. LSL also offers good fastener-holding strength. Similar to parallel strand lumber (PSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL), LSL is made from flaked wood strands that have a length-to-thickness ratio of approximately 150. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL resembles oriented strand board (OSB) in appearance as they are both fabricated from the similar wood species and contain flaked wood strands, however, unlike OSB, the strands in LSL are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member. LSL is a solid, highly predictable, uniform engineered wood product due to the fact that natural defects such as knots, slope of grain and splits have been dispersed throughout the material or have been removed altogether during the manufacturing process. Like other SCL products such as LVL and PSL, LSL offers predictable strength and stiffness properties and dimensional stability that minimize twist and shrinkage. All special cutting, notching or drilling should be done in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Manufacturer’s catalogues and evaluation reports are the primary sources of information for design, typical installation details and performance characteristics. As with any other wood product, LSL should be protected from the weather during jobsite storage and after installation. Wrapping of the product for shipment to the job site is important in providing moisture protection. End and edge sealing of the product will enhance its resistance to moisture penetration. LSL is a proprietary product and therefore, the specific engineering properties and sizes are unique to each manufacturer. Thus, LSL does not have a common standard of production and common design values. Design values are derived from test results analysed in accordance with CSA O86 and ASTM D5456 and the design values are reviewed and approved by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC). Products meeting the CCMC guidelines receive an Evaluation Number and Evaluation Report that includes the specified design strengths, which are subsequently listed in CCMC’s Registry of Product Evaluations. The manufacturer’s name or product identification and the stress grade is marked on the material at various intervals, but due to end cutting it may not be present on every piece.     For further information, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction CSA O86 Engineering design in wood ASTM D5456 Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a proprietary engineered wood product that is prefabricated using several layers of kiln-dried lumber, laid flat-wise, and glued together on their wide faces. Panels typically consist of three, five, seven or nine alternating layers of dimension lumber. The alternating directions of the CLT laminations provide it with high dimensional stability. CLT also has a high strength to weight ratio, along with exhibiting advantages for structural, fire, thermal and acoustic performance. Panel thicknesses usually range between 100 to 300 mm (4 to 12 in), but panels as thick as 500 mm (20 in) can be produced. Panel sizes range from 1.2 to 3 m (4 to 10 ft) in width and 5 to 19.5 m (16 to 64 ft) in length. The maximum panel size is limited by the size of the manufacturer’s press and transportation regulations. The design provisions for CLT in Canada apply to sawn lumber panels manufactured in accordance with the ANSI/APA PRG 320 standard. Typically, all the laminations in one direction are manufactured using the same grade and species of lumber. However, adjacent layers are permitted to be of different thickness and made of alternative grades or species. The moisture content of the lumber laminations at the time of CLT manufacturing is between 9 and 15%. There are five primary CLT stress grades; E1, E2, E3, V1 and V2. Stress grade E1 is the most readily available stress grade. The “E” designation indicates machine stress rated (MSR, or E-rated) lumber and the “V” designation indicates visually graded lumber. Stress grades E1, E2 and E3 consist of MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and visually graded lumber in the transverse layers, while stress grades V1 and V2 consist of visually graded lumber in both longitudinal and transverse layers. Properties for custom CLT stress grades are also published by individual manufacturers. Similar to other proprietary structural wood products, CLT can be evaluated by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) in order to produce a product evaluation report. Unlike primary and custom CLT stress grades which are associated with structural capacity, appearance grades refer to the surface finish of CLT panels. Any stress grade can usually be produced in any surface finish targeted by the designer. Accommodations for reductions in strength and stiffness due to panel profiling or other face- or edge-finishes must be made. The Appendix of ANSI/APA PRG 320 provides examples of CLT appearance classifications. Structural adhesives used in bonding laminations must comply with CSA O112.10 and ASTM D7247 and are also evaluated for heat performance during exposure to fire. The different classes of structural adhesives that are typically used include: Emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI); One-component polyurethane (PUR); Phenolic types such as phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). Since pressure treatment with water-borne preservatives can negatively affect bond adhesion, CLT is not permitted to be treated with water-borne preservatives after gluing. For CLT treated with fire-retardant or other potentially strength-reducing chemicals, strength and stiffness is required to be based on documented test results. As part of the prefabrication process, CLT panels are cut to size, including door and window openings, with state-of-the art computer numerical controlled (CNC) routers, capable of making complex cuts with low tolerances. Prefabricated CLT elements arrive on site ready for immediate installation. CLT offers design flexibility and low environmental impacts for floor, roof and wall elements within innovative mid-rise and tall wood buildings. For further information on CLT, refer to the following resources: Kalesnikoff Nordic Structures APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) Element5 ANSI/APA PRG 320 Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber CSA O86 Engineering design in wood CSA O112.10 Evaluation of Adhesives for Structural Wood Products (Limited Moisture Exposure) ASTM D7247 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonds in Laminated Wood Products at Elevated Temperatures

Glulam

Glulam (glued-laminated timber) is an engineered structural wood product that consists of multiple individual layers of dimension lumber that are glued together under controlled conditions. All Canadian glulam is manufactured using waterproof adhesives for end jointing and for face bonding and is therefore suitable for both exterior and interior applications. Glulam has high structural capacity and is also an attractive architectural building material. Glulam is commonly used in post and beam, heavy timber and mass timber structures, as well as wood bridges. Glulam is a structural engineered wood product used for headers, beams, girders, purlins, columns, and heavy trusses. Glulam is also manufactured as curved members, which are typically loaded in combined bending and compression. It can also be shaped to create pitched tapered beams and a variety of load bearing arch and trusses configurations. Glulam is often employed where the structural members are left exposed as an architectural feature. Available sizes of glulam Standard sizes have been developed for Canadian glued-laminated timber to allow optimum utilization of lumber which are multiples of the dimensions of the lamstock used for glulam manufacture. Suitable for most applications, standard sizes offer the designer economy and fast delivery. Other non-standard dimensions may be specially ordered at additional cost because of the extra trimming required to produce non-standard sizes. The standard widths and depths of glulam are shown in Table 6.7, below. The depth of glulam is a function of the number of laminations multiplied by the lamination thickness. For economy, 38 mm laminations are used wherever possible, and 19 mm laminations are used where greater degrees of curvature are required. Standard widths of glulam Standard finished widths of glulam members and common widths of the laminating stock they are made from are given in Table 4 below. Single widths of stock are used for the complete width dimension for members less than 275 mm (10-7/8″) wide. However, members wider than 175 mm (6-7/8″) may consist of two boards laid side by side. All members wider than 275 mm (10-7/8″) are made from two pieces of lumber placed side by side, with edge joints staggered within the depth of the member. Members wider than 365 mm (14-1/4″) are manufactured in 50 mm (2″) width increments, but will be more expensive than standard widths. Manufacturers should be consulted for advice. Initial width of glulam stock Finished width of glulam stock mm. in. mm. in. 89 3-1/2 80 3 140 5-1/2 130 5 184 7-1/4 175 6-7/8 235 (or 89 + 140) 9-1/4 (or 3-1/2 + 5-1/2) 225 (or 215) 8-7/8 (or 8-1/2) 286 (or 89 + 184) 11-1/4 (or 3-1/2 + 7-1/4) 275 (or 265) 10-7/8 (or 10-1/4) 140 + 184 5-1/2 + 7-1/4 315 12-1/4 140 + 235 5-1/2 + 9-1/4 365 14-1/4 Notes: Members wider than 365 mm (14-1/4″) are available in 50 mm (2″) increments but require a special order. Members wider than 175 mm (6-7/8″) may consist of two boards laid side by side with logitudinal joints staggered in adjacent laminations. Standard depths of glulam Standard depths for glulam members range from 114 mm (4-1/2″) to 2128 mm (7′) or more in increments of 38 mm (1-1/2″) and l9 mm (3/4″). A member made from 38 mm (1-1/2″) laminations costs significantly less than an equivalent member made from l9 mm (3/4″) laminations. However, the l9 mm (3/4″) laminations allow for a greater amount of curvature than do the 38 mm (1-1/2″) laminations. Width in. Depth range mm in. 80 3 114 to 570 4-1/2 to 22-1/2 130 5 152 to 950 6 to 37-1/2 175 6-7/8 190 to 1254 7-1/2 to 49-1/2 215 8-1/2 266 to 1596 10-1/2 to 62-3/4 265 10-1/4 342 to 1976 13-1/2 to 77-3/4 315 12-1/4 380 to 2128 15 to 83-3/4 365 14-1/4 380 to 2128 15 to 83-3/4 Note: 1. Intermediate depths are multiples of the lamination thickness, which is 38 mm (1-1/2″ nom.) except for some curved members that require 19 mm (3/4″ nom.) laminations. Laminating stock may be end jointed into lengths of up to 40 m (130′) but the practical limitation may depend on transportation clearance restrictions. Therefore, shipping restrictions for a given region should be determined before specifying length, width or shipping height. Glulam appearance grades In specifying Canadian glulam products, it is necessary to indicate both the stress grade and the appearance grade required. The appearance of glulam is determined by the degree of finish work done after laminating and not by the appearance of the individual lamination pieces. Glulam is available in the following appearance grades: Industrial Commercial Quality The appearance grade defines the amount of patching and finishing work done to the exposed surfaces after laminating (Table 6.8) and has no strength implications. Quality grade provides the greatest degree of finishing and is intended for applications where appearance is important. Industrial grade has the least amount of finishing. Grade Description Industrial Grade Intended for use where appearance is not a primary concern such as in industrial buildings; laminating stock may contain natural characteristics allowed for specified stress grade; sides planed to specified dimensions but occasional misses and rough spots allowed; may have broken knots, knot holes, torn grain, checks, wane and other irregularities on surface. Commercial Grade Intended for painted or flat-gloss varnished surfaces; laminating stock may contain natural characteristics allowed for specified stress grade; sides planed to specified dimensions and all squeezed-out glue removed from surface; knot holes, loose knots, voids, wane or pitch pockets are not replaced by wood inserts or filler on exposed surface. Quality Grade Intended for high-gloss transparent or polished surfaces, displays natural beauty of wood for best aesthetic appeal; laminating stock may contain natural characteristics allowed for specified stress grade; sides planed to specified dimensions and all squeezed-out glue removed from surface; may have tight knots, firm heart stain and medium sap stain on sides; slightly broken or split knots, slivers, torn grain or checks on surface filled; loose knots, knot holes, wane and pitch pockets removed and replaced with non-shrinking

Panel Products

By using roundwood that is often not be suitable for lumber production, wood-based panels make efficient use of the forest resource by providing engineered wood products with defined strength and stiffness properties. Wood-based structural panels such as plywood and oriented strand board (OSB) are widely used in residential and commercial construction. Wood-based panels are often overlaid on joists or light frame trusses and used as structural sheathing for floor, roofs and wall assemblies. These products provide rigidity to the supporting main structural members in addition to their function as a component of the building envelope. In addition, they are often an integral component of the lateral force resisting system of a wood building. In order to qualify for a particular end use, such as structural sheathing, flooring or exterior siding, wood-based panels must meet performance criteria related to three aspects: structural performance, physical properties and bond performance. For more information on performance rating and potential end uses of wood-based panel products, refer to APA – The Engineered Wood Association.

Oriented Strand Lumber

Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of OSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. OSL is used primarily as structural framing for residential, commercial and industrial construction. Common applications of OSL in construction include headers and beams, tall wall studs, rim board, sill plates, millwork and window framing. OSL also offers good fastener-holding strength. Similar to laminated strand lumber (LSL), OSL is made from flaked wood strands that have a length-to-thickness ratio of approximately 75. The wood strands used in OSL are shorter than those in LSL. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. OSL resembles oriented strand board (OSB) in appearance as they are both fabricated from the similar wood species and contain flaked wood strands, however, unlike OSB, the strands in OSL are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member. OSL is a solid, highly predictable, uniform engineered wood product due to the fact that natural defects such as knots, slope of grain and splits have been dispersed throughout the material or have been removed altogether during the manufacturing process. Like other SCL products such as LVL and PSL, OSL offers predictable strength and stiffness properties and dimensional stability that minimize twist and shrinkage. All special cutting, notching or drilling should be done in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Manufacturer’s catalogues and evaluation reports are the primary sources of information for design, typical installation details and performance characteristics. As with any other wood product, OSL should be protected from the weather during jobsite storage and after installation. Wrapping of the product for shipment to the job site is important in providing moisture protection. End and edge sealing of the product will enhance its resistance to moisture penetration. OSL is a proprietary product and therefore, the specific engineering properties and sizes are unique to each manufacturer. Thus, OSL does not have a common standard of production and common design values. Design values are derived from test results analysed in accordance with CSA O86 and ASTM D5456 and the design values are reviewed and approved by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC). Products meeting the CCMC guidelines receive an Evaluation Number and Evaluation Report that includes the specified design strengths, which are subsequently listed in CCMC’s Registry of Product Evaluations. The manufacturer’s name or product identification and the stress grade is marked on the material at various intervals, but due to end cutting it may not be present on every piece. For further information, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction CSA O86 Engineering design in wood ASTM D5456 Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products

Parallel Strand Lumber

Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of OSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. In Canada, PSL is fabricated using Douglas fir. PSL is employed primarily as structural framing for residential, commercial and industrial construction. Common applications of PSL in construction include headers, beams and lintels in light-frame construction and beams and columns in post and beam construction. PSL is an attractive structural material which is suited to applications where finished appearance is important. Similar to laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL), PSL is made from flaked wood strands that are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member and have a length-to-thickness ratio of approximately 300. The wood strands used in PSL are longer than those used to manufacture LSL and OSL. Combined with an exterior waterproof phenol-formaldehyde adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large billet, then pressed together and cured using microwave radiation. PSL beams are available in thicknesses of 68 mm (2-11/16 in), 89 mm (3-1/2 in), 133 mm (5-1/4 in), and 178 mm (7 in) and a maximum depth of 457 mm (18 in). PSL columns are available in square or rectangular dimensions of 89 mm (3-1/2 in), 133 mm (5-1/4 in), and 178 mm (7 in). The smaller thicknesses can be used individually as single plies or can be combined for multi-ply applications. PSL can be made in long lengths but it is usually limited to 20 m (66 ft) by transportation constraints. PSL is a solid, highly predictable, uniform engineered wood product due to the fact that natural defects such as knots, slope of grain and splits have been dispersed throughout the material or have been removed altogether during the manufacturing process. Like the other SCL products (LVL, LSL and OSL), PSL offers predictable strength and stiffness properties and dimensional stability. Manufactured at a moisture content of 11 percent, PSL is less prone to shrinking, warping , cupping, bowing and splitting. All special cutting, notching or drilling should be done in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Manufacturer’s catalogues and evaluation reports are the primary sources of information for design, typical installation details and performance characteristics. PSL exhibits a rich texture and retains numerous dark glue lines. PSL can be machined, stained, and finished using the techniques applicable to sawn lumber. PSL members readily accept stain to enhance the warmth and texture of the wood. All PSL is sanded at the end of the production process to ensure precise dimensions and to provide a high quality surface for appearance. As with any other wood product, PSL should be protected from the weather during jobsite storage and after installation. Wrapping of the product for shipment to the job site is important in providing moisture protection. End and edge sealing of the product will enhance its resistance to moisture penetration. PSL readily accepts preservative treatment and it is possible to obtain a high degree of preservative penetration. Treated PSL can be specified in high humidity exposures. PSL is a proprietary product and therefore, the specific engineering properties and sizes are unique to each manufacturer. Thus, PSL does not have a common standard of production and common design values. Design values are derived from test results analysed in accordance with CSA O86 and ASTM D5456 and the design values are reviewed and approved by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC). Products meeting the CCMC guidelines receive an Evaluation Number and Evaluation Report that includes the specified design strengths, which are subsequently listed in CCMC’s Registry of Product Evaluations. The manufacturer’s name or product identification and the stress grade is marked on the material at various intervals, but due to end cutting it may not be present on every piece. The Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) has accepted PSL for use as heavy timber construction, as described under the provisions within Part 3 of the National Building Code of Canada. For further information, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction CSA O86 Engineering design in wood ASTM D5456 Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products

Solid-Sawn Heavy Timber

Solid-sawn heavy timber members are predominantly employed as the main structural elements in post and beam construction. The term ‘heavy timber’ is used to describe solid sawn lumber which is 140 mm (5-1/2 in) or more in its smallest cross-sectional dimension. Large dimension timbers offer increased fire resistance compared to dimensional lumber and can be used to meet the heavy timber construction requirements outlined in the Part 3 of the National Building Code of Canada. Sawn timbers are produced in accordance with CSA O141 Canadian Standard Lumber and graded in accordance with the NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber. There are two categories of timbers; rectangular “Beams and Stringers” and square “Posts and Timbers”. Beams and Stringers, whose larger dimension exceeds its smaller dimension by more than 51 mm (2 in), are typically used as bending members, whereas, Posts and Timbers, whose larger dimension exceeds its smaller dimension by 51 mm (2 in) or less, are typically used as columns. Sawn timbers range in size from 140 to 394 mm (5-1/2 to 15-1/2 in). The most common sizes range from 140 x 140 mm (5-1/2 x 5-1/2 in) to 292 x 495 mm (11-1/2 x 19-1/2 in) in lengths of 5 to 9 m (16 to 30 ft). Sizes up to 394 x 394 mm (15-1/2 x 15-1/2 in) are generally available from Western Canada in the Douglas Fir-Larch and Hem-Fir species combinations. Timbers from the Spruce-Pine-Fir (S-P-F) and Northern species combinations are only available in smaller sizes. Timbers may be obtained in lengths up to 9.1 m (30 ft), but the availability of large size and long length timbers should always be confirmed with suppliers prior to specifying. A table of available timber sizes is shown below. Both categories of timbers, Beams and Stringers, and Posts and Timbers, contain three stress grades: Select Structural, No.1, and No.2, and two non-stress grades (Standard and Utility). The stress grades are assigned design values for use as structural members. Non-stress grades have not been assigned design values. No.1 or No.2 are the most common grades specified for structural purposes. No.1 may contain varying amounts of Select Structural, depending on the manufacturer. Unlike Canadian dimension lumber, there is a difference between design values for No.1 and No.2 grades for timbers. Select Structural is specified when the highest quality appearance and strength are desired. The Standard and Utility grades have not been assigned design values. Timbers of these grades are permitted for use in specific applications of building codes where high strength is not important, such as blocking or short bracing. Cross cutting can affect the grade of timber in the Beams and Stringers category because the allowable size of knot varies along the length of the piece (a larger knot is allowed near the ends than in the middle). Timbers must be regraded if cross cut. Timbers are generally not grade marked (grade stamped) and a mill certificate can be obtained to certify the grade. The large size of timbers makes kiln drying impractical due to the drying stresses which would result from differential moisture contents between the interior and exterior of the timber. For this reason, timbers are usually dressed green (moisture content above 19 percent), and the moisture content of timber upon delivery will depend on the amount of air drying which has taken place. Like dimension lumber, timber begins to shrink when its moisture content falls below about 28 percent. Timbers exposed to the outdoors usually shrink from 1.8 to 2.6 percent in width and thickness, depending on the species. Timbers used indoors, where the air is often drier, experience greater shrinkage, in the range of 2.4 to 3.0 percent in width and thickness. Length change in either case is negligible. Allowances for anticipated shrinkage should be made in the design and construction. Shrinkage should also be considered when designing connections. Minor checks on the surface of a timber are common in both wet and dry service conditions. Consideration has been made for these surface checks in the establishment of specified design strengths. Checks in columns are not of structural importance unless the check develops into a through split that will divide the column.   For further information, refer to the following resources: Timber Framers Guild International Log Builders’ Association BC Log & Timber Building Industry Association  

Plank Decking

Plank decking may be used to span farther and carry greater loads than panel products such as plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). Plank decking is often used where the appearance of the decking is desired as an architectural feature or where the fire performance must meet the heavy timber construction requirements outlined in Part 3 of the National Building Code of Canada. Plank decking is usually used in mass timber or post and beam structures and is laid with the flat or wide face over supports to provide a structural deck for floors and roofs. Plank decking can be used in either wet or dry service conditions and can be treated with preservatives, dependent on the wood species. Nails and deck spikes are used to fasten adjacent pieces of plank decking to one another and are also used to fasten the deck to its supports. Decking is generally available in the following species: Douglas fir (D.Fir-L species combination) Pacific coast hemlock (Hem-Fir species combination) Various species of spruce, pine and fir (S-P-F species combination) Western red cedar (Northern species combination) In order to product plank decking, sawn lumber is milled into a tongue and groove profile with special surface machining, such as a V-joint. Plank decking is normally produced in three thicknesses: 38 mm (1-1/2 in), 64 mm (2-1/2 in) and 89 mm (3-1/2 in). The 38 mm (1-1/2 in) decking has a single tongue and groove while the thicker sizes have a double tongue and groove. Thicknesses greater than 38 mm (1-1/2 in) also have 6 mm (1/4 in) diameter holes at 760 mm (2.5 ft) spacing so that each piece may be nailed to the adjacent one with deck spikes. The standard sizes and profiles are shown below. Plank decking is most readily available in random lengths of 1.8 to 6.1 m (6 to 20 ft). Decking can be ordered in specific lengths, but limited availability and extra costs should be expected. A typical specification for random lengths could require that at least 90 percent of the plank decking be 3.0 m (10 ft) and longer, and at least 40 percent be 4.9 m (16 ft) and longer. Plank decking is available in two grades: Select grade (Sel) Commercial grade (Com) Select grade has a higher quality appearance and is also stronger and stiffer than commercial grade. Plank decking is required to be manufactured in accordance with CSA O141 and graded under the NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber. Since plank decking is not grade stamped like dimensional lumber, verification of the grade should be obtained in writing from the supplier or a qualified grading agency should be retained to check the supplied material. To minimize shrinkage and warping, plank decking consists of sawn lumber members that are dried to a moisture content of 19 percent or less at the time of surfacing (S-Dry). The use of green decking can result in the loosening of the tongue and groove joint over time and a reduction in structural and serviceability performance. Individual planks can span simply between supports, but are generally random lengths spanning several supports for economy and to take advantage of increased stiffness. There are three methods of installing plank decking: controlled random, simple span and two span continuous. A general design rule for controlled random plank decking is that spans should not be more than 600 mm (2 ft) longer than the length which 40 percent of the decking shipment exceeds. Both the latter methods of installation require planks of predetermined length and a consequently there could be an associated cost premium.     Profiles and Sizes of Plank Decking

Wood in non-combustible buildings

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) requires that some buildings be of ‘noncombustible construction’ under its prescriptive requirements. Noncombustible construction is, however, something of a misnomer, in that it does not exclude the use of ‘combustible’ materials but rather, it limits their use. Some combustible materials can be used since it is neither economical nor practical to construct a building entirely out of ‘noncombustible’ materials. Wood is probably the most prevalent combustible material used in noncombustible buildings and has numerous applications in buildings classified as noncombustible construction under the NBC. This is due to the fact that building regulations do not rely solely on the use of noncombustible materials to achieve an acceptable degree of fire safety. Many combustible materials are allowed in concealed spaces and in areas where, in a fire, they are not likely to seriously affect other fire safety features of the building. For example, there are permissions for use of heavy timber construction for roofs and roof structural supports. It may also be used in partition walls and as wall finishes, as well as furring strips, fascia and canopies, cant strips, roof curbs, fire blocking, roof sheathing and coverings, millwork, cabinets, counters, window sashes, doors, and flooring. Its use in certain types of buildings such as tall buildings is slightly more limited in areas such as exits, corridors and lobbies, but even there, fire-retardant treatments can be used to meet NBC requirements. The NBC also allows the use of wood cladding for buildings designated to be of noncombustible construction. In sprinklered noncombustible buildings not more than two-storeys in height, entire roof assemblies and the roof supports can be heavy timber construction. To be acceptable, the heavy timber components must comply with minimum dimension and installation requirements. Heavy timber construction is afforded this recognition because of its performance record under actual fire exposure and its acceptance as a fire-safe method of construction. Fire loss experience has shown, even in unsprinklered buildings, that heavy timber construction is superior to noncombustible roof assemblies not having any fire-resistance rating. In other noncombustible buildings, heavy timber construction, including the floor assemblies, is permitted without the building being sprinklered. In sprinklered buildings permitted to be of combustible construction, no fire-resistance rating is required for the roof assembly or its supports when constructed from heavy timber. In these cases, a heavy timber roof assembly and its supports would not have to conform to the minimum member dimensions stipulated in the NBC. NBC definitions: Combustible means that a material fails to meet the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.” Combustible construction means that type of construction that does not meet the requirements for noncombustible construction. Heavy timber construction means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs and by the avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs. Noncombustible construction means that type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of noncombustible materials for structural members and other building assemblies. Noncombustible means that a material meets the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.” For further information, refer to the following resources: Wood Design Manual, Canadian Wood Council National Building Code of Canada CAN/ULC-S114 Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials Stairs and storage lockers in noncombustible buildings Stairs within a dwelling unit can be made of wood, as can storage lockers in residential buildings. These are permitted, as their use is not expected to present a significant fire hazard. Wood roofing materials in noncombustible buildings In the installation of roofing, wood cant strips, roof curbs, nailing strips, and similar components may be used. Wood roofs defined as ‘heavy timber construction’ in the NBC are permitted in any noncombustible building two-storeys or less in height when the building is protected by a sprinkler system. Roof sheathing and sheathing supports of wood are permitted in noncombustible buildings provided: The noncombustible parapets and shafts are required to prevent roof materials igniting from flames projecting from openings in the building face or roof deck.Roof coverings have often been contributing factors in conflagrations. Most roof coverings, even today, are combustible by the very nature of the materials used to make them waterproof. The objective of the NBC is to require that the risks associated with a roof covering be minimized for the type of building, its location and use. The NBC permits roof coverings that meet a Class C rating to be used for any building regulated by Part 3, including any noncombustible building, regardless of height or area. This C rating can be met easily using fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW) shakes or shingles, asphalt shingles, or roll roofing. In buildings that are required to be of noncombustible construction, the roof coverings must have a fire classification of Class A, B or C. In such cases, the use of FRTW shakes and shingles on sloped roofs is allowed. Small assembly occupancy buildings not more than two-storeys in building height and less than 1000 m2 (10,000 ft2) in building area do not require a classification for the roof covering. In these traditional cases, untreated wood shingles are acceptable if they are underlaid with a noncombustible material to reduce the potential for burn through. Wood partitions in noncombustible buildings Wood framing has many applications in partitions in both low-rise and high-rise buildings required to be of noncombustible construction. The framing can be located in most types of partitions, with or without a fire- resistance rating. Wood framing and sheathing is permitted in partitions, or alternatively, solid lumber partitions at least 38 mm (2 in nominal) thick are permitted, provided: Alternatively, wood framing is permitted in partitions throughout floor areas, and can be used in most fire separations with no limits on compartment size or a need for sprinkler protection provided: Similarly, as a final

Lumber

Dimension lumber is solid sawn wood that is less than 89 mm (3.5 in) in thickness. Lumber can be referred to by its nominal size in inches, which means the actual size rounded up to the nearest inch or by its actual size in millimeters. For instance, 38 × 89 mm (1-1/2 × 3-1/2 in) material is referred to nominally as 2 × 4 lumber. Air-dried or kiln dried lumber (S-Dry), having a moisture content of 19 percent or less, is readily available in the 38 mm (1.5 in) thickness. Dimension lumber thicknesses of 64 and 89 mm (2-1/2 and 3-1/2 in) are generally available as surfaced green (S-Grn) only, i.e., moisture content is greater than 19 percent. The maximum length of dimension lumber that can be obtained is about 7 m (23 ft), but varies throughout Canada. The predominant use of dimension lumber in building construction is in framing of roofs, floors, shearwalls, diaphragms, and load bearing walls. Lumber can be used directly as framing materials or may be used to manufacture engineered structural products, such as light frame trusses or prefabricated wood I-joists. Special grade dimension lumber called lamstock (laminating stock) is manufactured exclusively for glulam. Quality assurance of Canadian lumber is achieved via a complex system of product standards, engineering design standards and building codes, involving grading oversight, technical support and a regulatory framework. Checking and splitting Checking and splitting Checking occurs when lumber is rapidly dried. The surface dries quickly, while the core remains at a higher moisture content for some time. As a result, the surface attempts to shrink but is restrained by the core. This restraint causes tensile stresses at the surface, which if large enough, can pull the fibres apart, thereby creating a check. Splits are through checks that generally occur at the end of wood members. When a wood member dries, moisture is lost very rapidly from the end of the member. At midlength, however, the wood is still at a higher moisture content. This difference in moisture content creates tensile stresses at the end of the member. When the stresses exceed the strength of the wood, a split is formed. Large dimension solid sawn timbers are susceptible to checking and splitting since they are always dressed green (S-Grn). Furthermore, due to their large size, the core dries slowly and the tensile stresses at the surface and at the ends can be large. Minor checks confined to the surface areas of a wood member very rarely have any effect on the strength of the member. Deep checks could be significant if they occur at a point of high shear stress. Checks in columns are not of structural importance, unless the check develops into a through split that will increase the slenderness ratio of the column. The specified shear strengths of dimension lumber and timbers have been developed to consider the maximum amount of checking or splitting permitted by the applicable grading rule. The possibility and severity of splitting and checking can be reduced by controlling the rate at which drying occurs. This may be done by keeping wood out of direct sunlight and away from any artificial heat sources. Furthermore, the ends may be coated with an end sealer to retard moisture loss. Other actions which will minimize dimension change and the possibility of checking or splitting are: specifying wood products that are as close as possible in moisture content to the expected equilibrium moisture content of the end use ensuring dry wood products are protected by proper storage and handling Fingerjoined lumber Fingerjoined products are manufactured by taking shorter pieces of kiln-dried lumber, machining a ‘finger’ profile in each end of the short-length pieces, adding an appropriate structural adhesive, and end-gluing the pieces together to make a longer length piece of lumber. The length of a fingerjoined lumber is not limited by the length of the log. In fact, the manufacturing process can result in the production of joists and rafters in lengths of 12 m (40 ft) or more. The process of fingerjoining is also used within the manufacturing process for several other engineered wood products, including glued-laminated timber and wood I-joists. The specific term “fingerjoined lumber” applies to dimension lumber that contains finger joints. Fingerjoining derives greater value from the forest resource by using short length pieces of lower grade lumber as input for the manufacture of a value-added engineered wood product. The fingerjoining process utilizes short off cut pieces of lumber and results in more efficient use of the harvested wood fibre. Fingerjoined lumber can be manufactured from any commercial species or species group. The most commonly used species group from which fingerjoined lumber is produced is Spruce-Pine-Fir (S-P-F). Design advantages of fingerjoined lumber Fingerjoined lumber is an engineered wood product that is desirable for several reasons: straightness dimensional stability interchangeability with non-fingerjointed lumber highly efficient use of wood fibre The design and performance advantages of this engineered wood product are its straightness and dimensional stability. The straightness and dimensional stability of fingerjoined lumber is a result of short length pieces of lumber, consisting of relatively straight grain and fewer natural defects, being combined with one another to form a longer length piece of lumber. The grain pattern along fingerjoined lumber becomes non-uniform and random by attaching many short pieces together. This results in fingerjoined lumber being less prone to warping than solid sawn lumber. The fingerjoining process also results in the reduction or removal of strength reducing defects, producing a structural wood product with less variable engineering properties than solid sawn dimensional lumber. The most common use of finger-joined lumber is as studs in shearwalls and vertical load bearing walls. The most important factor for studs is straightness. Fingerjoined studs will stay straighter than solid sawn dimensional lumber studs when subjected to changes in temperature and humidity. This feature results in significant benefits to the builder and homeowner including a superior building, the elimination of nail pops in drywall and other problems related to dimensional changes.

Mass Timber

Advancements in wood product technology and systems are driving the momentum for innovative buildings in Canada. Products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), nailed-laminated timber (NLT), glued-laminated timber (GLT), laminated strand lumber (LSL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other large-dimensioned structural composite lumber (SCL) products are part of a bigger classification known as ‘mass timber’. Although mass timber is an emerging term, traditional post-and-beam (timber frame) construction has been around for centuries. Today, mass timber products can be formed by mechanically fastening and/or bonding with adhesive smaller wood components such as dimension lumber or wood veneers, strands or fibres to form large pre-fabricated wood elements used as beams, columns, arches, walls, floors and roofs. Mass timber products have sufficient volume and cross-sectional dimensions to offer significant benefits in terms of fire, acoustics and structural performance, in addition to providing construction efficiency.

Light-frame Trusses

A truss is a structural frame relying on a triangular arrangement of webs and chords to transfer loads to reaction points. This geometric arrangement of the members gives trusses high strength-to-weight ratios, which permit longer spans than conventional framing. Light-frame truss can commonly span up to 20 m (60 ft), although longer spans are also feasible. The first light-frame trusses were built on-site using nailed plywood gusset plates. These trusses offered acceptable spans but demanded considerable time to build. Originally developed in the United States in the 1950s, the metal connector plate transformed the truss industry by allowing efficient prefabrication of short and long span trusses. The light-gauge metal connector plates allow for the transfer of load between adjoining members through punched steel teeth that are embedded into the wood members. Today, light-frame wood trusses are widely used in single- and multi-family residential, institutional, agricultural, commercial and industrial construction. The shape and size of light-frame trusses is restricted only by manufacturing capabilities, shipping limitations and handling considerations. Trusses can be designed as simple or multi-span and with or without cantilevers. Economy, ease of fabrication, fast delivery and simplified erection procedures make light-frame wood trusses competitive in many roof and floor applications. Their long span capability often eliminates the need for interior load bearing walls, offering the designer flexibility in floor layouts. Roof trusses offer pitched, sloped or flat roof configurations, while also providing clearance for insulation, ventilation, electrical, plumbing, heating and air conditioning services between the chords. Light-frame wood trusses are prefabricated by pressing the protruding teeth of the steel truss plate into 38 mm (2 in) wood members, which are pre-cut and assembled in a jig. Most trusses are fabricated using 38 x 64 mm (2 x 3 in) to 38 x 184 mm (2 x 8 in) visually graded and machine stress-rated (MSR) lumber. To provide different grip values, the truss connector plates are stamped from galvanized light-gauge sheet steel of different grades and gauge thicknesses. Many sizes of truss plates are manufactured to suit any shape or size of truss or load to be carried. Light frame trusses are manufactured according to standards established by the Truss Plate Institute of Canada. The capacities for the plates vary by manufacturer and are established through testing. Truss plates must conform to the requirements of CSA O86 and must be approved by the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC). To obtain approval, the truss plates are tested in accordance with CSA S347. During design, light-frame trusses are generally engineered by the truss plate manufacturer on behalf of the truss fabricator. When light-frame trusses arrive at the job site they should be checked for any permanent damage such as cross breaks in the lumber, missing or damaged metal connector plates, excessive splits in the lumber, or any damage that could impair the structural integrity of the truss. Whenever possible, trusses should be unloaded in bundles on dry, relatively smooth ground. They should not be unloaded on rough terrain or uneven spaces that could result in undue lateral strain that could possibly distort the metal connector plates or damage parts of the trusses. Light-frame trusses can be stored horizontally or vertically. If stored in the horizontal position, trusses should be supported on blocking spaced at 2.4 to 3 m (8 to 10 ft) centres to prevent lateral bending and reduce moisture gain from the ground. When stored in the vertical position, trusses should be placed on a stable horizontal surfaced and braced to prevent toppling or tipping. If trusses need to be stored for an extended period of time measures must be taken to protect them from the elements, keeping the trusses dry and well ventilated. Light-frame trusses require temporary bracing during erection, prior to the installation of permanent bracing. Truss plates should not be used with incised lumber. Contact the truss manufacturer for further guidance on the use of light-frame trusses in corrosive environments, wet service conditions, or when treated with a fire retardant. For further information, refer to the following resources: Canadian Wood Truss Association Truss Plate Institute of Canada CSA O86 Engineering design in wood CSA S347 Method of test for evaluation of truss plates used in lumber joints Canadian Construction Materials Centre

i -Joists

Prefabricated wood I-joists are proprietary structural wood members that consist of fingerjoined solid sawn lumber or laminated veneer lumber (LVL) flanges attached to a plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) web using adhesive. Web panel joints are glued and mated by several methods such as butting of square panel ends, scarfing of the panel ends, or shaping of either a toothed or tongue and groove type joint. Exterior rated, waterproof adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-resorcinol are the principally used for the web to web and web to flange joints. Different combinations of flange and web materials using alternative connections between the web and the flanges are available from several manufacturers (refer to Figure 3.20, below). Wood I-joists are available in a variety of standard depths and in lengths of up to 20 m (66 ft). Each manufacturer produces I-joists with unique strength and stiffness characteristics. To ensure that proprietary products have been manufactured under a quality assurance program supervised by an independent third-party certification organization, manufacturers typically have their products evaluated and registered under the requirements and guidelines of the Canadian Construction Material Centre (CCMC). The cross-sectional “I” shape of these structural wood products provides a higher strength to weight ratio than traditional solid sawn lumber. The uniform stiffness, strength, and light weight of these prefabricated elements allow for use in longer span joist and rafter applications for both residential and commercial construction. Wood I-joists are usually manufactured using untreated flange and web material and therefore, are typically not used for exterior applications. Wood I-joist are also dimensionally stable as they are manufactured with a moisture content between 6 and 12 %. For the installation of mechanical and electrical services, many manufacturers provide requirements and guidance for the shape, size and location of openings, notches, holes and cuts. Most wood I-joist suppliers also stock standard joist hangers and other prefabricated connection hardware specially designed for use with wood I-joists. For further information on wood I-joists, refer to the following resources: APA – The Engineered Wood Association Canadian Construction Material Centre (CCMC), Institute for Research in Construction (NRC) Wood I-Joist Manufacturers Association (WIJMA) CSA O86 Engineering design in wood ASTM D5055 Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists

Fire Code

National Fire Code of Canada The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) and the National Fire Code of Canada (NFC), both published by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and developed by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC), are developed as companion documents. The NBC establishes minimum standards for the health and safety of the occupants of new buildings. It also applies to the alteration of existing buildings, including changes in occupancy. The NBC is not retroactive. That is, a building constructed in conformance with a particular edition of the NBC, which is in effect at the time of its construction, is not automatically required to conform to the subsequent edition of the NBC. That building would only be required to conform to an updated version of the NBC if it were to undergo a change in occupancy or alterations which invoke the application of the new NBC in effect at the time of the change in occupancy or major alteration. The NFC addresses fire safety during the operation of facilities and buildings. The requirements in the NFC, on the other hand, are intended to ensure the level of safety initially provided by the NBC is maintained. With this objective, the NFC regulates: the conduct of activities causing fire hazards the maintenance of fire safety equipment and egress facilities limitations on building content, including the storage and handling of hazardous products the establishment of fire safety plans The NFC is intended to be retroactive with respect to fire alarm, standpipe and sprinkler systems. In 1990, the NFC was revised to clarify that such systems “shall be provided in all buildings where required by and in conformance with the requirements of the National Building Code of Canada.” This ensures that buildings are adequately protected against the inherent risk at the same level as the NBC would require for a new building. It does not concern other fire protection features such as smoke control measures or firefighter’s elevators. The NFC also ensures that changes in building use do not increase the risk beyond the limits of the original fire protection systems. The NBC and the NFC are written to minimize the possibility of conflict in their respective contents. Both must be considered when constructing, renovating or maintaining buildings. They are complementary, in that the NFC takes over from the NBC once the building is in operation. In addition, older structures which do not conform to the most current level of fire safety can be made safer through the requirements of the NFC. The most recent significant changes in the NFC relate the construction of six-storey buildings using combustible construction. As a result, eight additional protection measures related to mid-rise combustible buildings have been added to address fire hazards during construction when fire protection features are not yet in place.

Energy Code

The National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB) aims to help save on energy bills, reduce peak energy demand, and improve the quality and comfort of the building’s indoor environment. Through each code development cycle, the NECB intends to implement a tiered approach toward Canada’s goal for new buildings, as presented in the “Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change”, of achieving ‘Net Zero Energy Ready’ buildings by 2030. The NECB is available for free online; published by the National Research Council (NRC) and developed by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes in collaboration with Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). CWC maintains ongoing participation in the development and updating of the NECB. The NECB sets out technical requirements for energy efficient design and construction and outlines the minimum energy efficiency levels for code compliance of all new buildings. The NECB applies to all building types, except housing and small buildings, which are addressed under Clause 9.36 of the National Building Code of Canada. The NECB offers three compliance paths: prescriptive, trade-off and performance. The most cost-effective time to incorporate energy efficiency measures into a building is during the initial design and construction phase. It is much more expensive to retrofit later. This is particularly true for the building envelope, which includes exterior walls, windows, doors and roofing. The NECB addresses considerations such as air infiltration rates (air leakage) and thermal transmission of heat through the building envelope. Considering the different climate zones in Canada, the NECB also provides requirements related to maximum overall (effective) thermal transmittance for above-ground opaque wall assemblies and effective thermal resistance of assemblies in contact with ground, e.g., permanent wood foundations. In addition, the NECB specifies the maximum fenestration and door to wall ratio based on the climate zone in which the building in located. As energy efficiency requirements for buildings are increased, wood is a natural solution to pair with other insulating and weatherizing materials to develop buildings with high operational energy performance and provide consistent indoor comfort for occupants. For further information on the NECB, visit the Codes Canada at the National Research Council Canada.

Combustible construction

The provision of fire safety in a building is a complex matter; far more complex than the relative combustibility of the main structural materials used in a building. To develop safe code provisions, prevention, suppression, movement of occupants, mobility of occupants, building use, and fuel control are but a few of the factors that must be considered in addition to the combustibility of the structural components. Fire-loss experience shows that building contents play a large role in terms of fuel load and smoke generation potential in a fire. The passive fire protection provided by the fire-resistance ratings on the floor and wall assemblies in a building assures structural stability in a fire. However, the fire-resistance rating of the structural assemblies does not necessarily control the movement of smoke and heat, which can have a large impact on the level of safety and property damage resulting from fire. The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) categorizes wood buildings as ‘combustible construction’. Despite being termed combustible, common construction techniques can give wood frame construction fire-resistance ratings up to two hours. When designed and built to code requirements, wood buildings provide the same level of life safety and property protection required for comparably sized buildings defined under the NBC as ‘noncombustible construction’. Wood has been used for virtually all types of buildings, including; schools, warehouses, fire stations, apartment buildings, and research facilities. The NBC sets out guidelines for the use of wood in applications that extend well beyond the traditional residential and small building sector. The NBC allows wood construction of up to six storeys in height, and wood cladding for buildings designated to be of noncombustible construction. When meeting the area and height limits for the various NBC building categories, wood frame construction can meet the life safety requirements by making use of wood-frame assemblies (usually protected by gypsum wallboard) that are tested for fire-resistance ratings. The allowable height and area restrictions can be extended by using fire walls to break a large building area into smaller separate building areas. The recognized positive contribution to both life safety and property protection which comes from the use of automatic sprinkler systems can also be used to increase the permissible area of wood buildings. Sprinklers typically operate very early in a fire thereby quickly controlling the damaging effects. For this reason, the provision of automatic sprinkler protection within a building greatly improves the life safety and property protection prospects of all buildings including those constructed of noncombustible materials. The NBC permits the use of ‘heavy timber construction’ in buildings where combustible construction is required to have a 45-minute fire-resistance rating. This form of heavy timber construction is also permitted to be used in large noncombustible buildings in certain occupancies. To be acceptable, the components must comply with minimum dimension and installation requirements. Heavy timber construction is afforded this recognition because of its performance record under actual fire exposure and its acceptance as a fire-safe method of construction. In sprinklered buildings permitted to be of combustible construction, no fire-resistance rating is required for the roof assembly or its supports when constructed from heavy timber. In these cases, a heavy timber roof assembly and its supports would not have to conform to the minimum member dimensions stipulated in the NBC. Mass timber elements may also be used whenever combustible construction is permitted. In those instances, however, such mass timber elements need to be specifically designed to meet any required fire-resistance ratings.   NBC definitions: Combustible means that a material fails to meet the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.” Combustible construction means that type of construction that does not meet the requirements for noncombustible construction. Heavy timber construction means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs and by the avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs. Noncombustible construction means that type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of noncombustible materials for structural members and other building assemblies. Noncombustible means that a material meets the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.”   For further information, refer to the following resources: National Building Code of Canada CAN/ULC-S114 Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials Wood Design Manual 2017

Encapsulated mass timber construction

In addition to combustible, heavy timber and noncombustible construction, a new construction type is presently being considered for inclusion into the National Building Code of Canada (NBC). Encapsulated mass timber construction (EMTC) is proposed to be defined as the “type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of encapsulated mass timber elements with an encapsulation rating and minimum dimensions for the structural timber members and other building assemblies.” EMTC is neither ‘combustible construction’ nor ‘heavy timber construction’ nor ‘noncombustible construction’, as defined within the NBC. EMTC is required to have an encapsulation rating. The encapsulation rating is the time, in minutes, that a material or assembly of materials will delay the ignition and combustion of encapsulated mass timber elements when it is exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria, or as otherwise prescribed by the NBC. The encapsulation rating for EMTC is determined through the ULC S146 test method. In order for structural wood elements to be considered ‘mass timber’, they must meet minimum size requirements, which are different for horizontal (walls, floors, roofs, beams) and vertical (columns, arches) load-bearing elements and dependent on the number of sides that the element is exposed to fire. EMTC construction in Canada is expected to be limited to a height of twelve-storeys, that is, the uppermost floor level may be a maximum of 42 m (137 ft) above the first floor. An EMTC building must be sprinklered throughout according to NFPA 13 and it is likely that some mass timber will also be able to be exposed in the suites. All EMTC elements are expected to have a minimum two-hour fire resistance rating and the building floor area to be limited to 6,000 m2 for Group C occupancy and 7,200 m2 for Group D occupancy. There are restrictions on the use of exterior cladding elements in EMTC, as well as other restrictions on the use of; combustible roofing materials, combustible window sashes and frames, combustible components in exterior walls, nailing elements, combustible flooring elements, combustible stairs, combustible interior finishes, combustible elements in partitions, and concealed spaces. If any encapsulation material is damaged or removed, it will be required to be repaired or replaced so that the encapsulation rating of the materials is maintained. Additionally, requirements related to construction site fire safety are to be applied to construction access, standpipe installation and protective encapsulation. EMTC and its related provisions are anticipated to be included in the NBC 2020. NBC definitions: Combustible means that a material fails to meet the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.” Combustible construction means that type of construction that does not meet the requirements for noncombustible construction. Heavy timber construction means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs and by the avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs. Noncombustible construction means that type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of noncombustible materials for structural members and other building assemblies. Noncombustible means that a material meets the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114, “Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials.” For further information, refer to the following resources: Guide to Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction in the Ontario Building Code ULC S146 Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Encapsulation Materials and Assemblies of Materials for the Protection of Mass Timber Structural Members and Assemblies Fire performance of mass-timber encapsulation methods and the effect of encapsulation on char rate of cross-laminated timber (Hasburgh et al., 2016) CAN/ULC-S114 Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems

Acoustics

Wood is composed of many small cellular tubes that are predominantly filled with air. The natural composition of the material allows for wood to act as an effective acoustical insulator and provides it with the ability to dampen vibrations. These sound-dampening characteristics allow for wood construction elements to be specified where sound insulation or amplification is required, such as libraries and auditoriums. Another important acoustical property of wood is its ability to limit impact noise transmission, an issue commonly associated with harder, more dense materials and construction systems. The use of topping or a built-up floating floor system overlaid on light wood frame or mass timber structural elements is a common approach to address acoustic separation between floors of a building. Depending on the type of materials in the built-up floor system, the topping can be applied directly to the wood structural members or over top of a moisture barrier or resilient layer. The use of gypsum board, absorptive (batt/loose-fill) insulation and resilient channels are also critical components of a wood-frame wall or floor assembly that also contribute to the acoustical performance of the overall assembly. Acoustic design considers a number of factors, including building location and orientation, as well as the insulation or separation of noise-producing functions and building elements. Sound Transmission Class (STC), Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC) and Impact Insulation Class (IIC) ratings are used to establish the level of acoustic performance of building products and systems. The different ratings can be determined on the basis of standardized laboratory testing or, in the case of ASTC ratings, calculated using methodologies described in the NBC. Currently, the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) only regulates the acoustical design of interior wall and floor assemblies that separate dwelling units (e.g. apartments, houses, hotel rooms) from other units or other spaces in a building. The STC rating requirements for interior wall and floor assemblies are intended to limit the transmission of airborne noise between spaces. The NBC does not mandate any requirements for the control of impact noise transmission through floor assemblies. Footsteps and other impacts can cause severe annoyance in multifamily residences. Builders concerned about quality and reducing occupant complaints will ensure that floors are designed to minimize impact transmission. Beyond conforming to the minimum requirements of the NBC in residential occupancies, designers can also establish acoustic ratings for design of non-residential projects and specify materials and systems to ensure the building performs at that level. In addition to limiting transmission of airborne noise through internal structural walls and floors, flanking transmission of sound through perimeter joints and sound transmission through non-structural partition walls should also be considered during the acoustical design. Further information and requirements related to STC, ASTC and IIC ratings are provided in Appendix A of the NBC in sections A-9.10.3.1. and A-9.11.. This includes, inter alia, Tables 9.10.3.1-A and 9.10.3.1.-B that provide generic data on the STC ratings of different types of wood stud walls and STC and IIC ratings for different types of wood floor assemblies, respectively. Tables A-9.11.1.4.-A to A-9.11.1.4.-D present generic options for the design and construction of junctions between separating and flanking assemblies. Constructing according to these options is likely to meet or exceed an ASTC rating of 47 that is mandated by the NBC. Table A-Table 9.11.1.4. presents data about generic floor treatments that can be used to improve the flanking sound insulation performance of lightweight framed floors, i.e., additional layers of material over the subfloor (e.g. concrete topping, OSB or plywood) and finished flooring or coverings (e.g., carpet, engineered wood).

2024 Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships Celebrate Students Driving Innovation in the Wood Industry

Ottawa, ON, December 12, 2024 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) announced the recipients of the 2024 Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarships: Laura Walters (McMaster University) and Jiawen Shen (University of British Columbia). Both students were recognized for their academic excellence and impactful research projects in the structural wood products industry. Established nineteen years ago, the memorial scholarships are awarded each year to graduate students whose wood research exemplifies the same level of passion for wood and the wood products industry that Catherine Lalonde tirelessly demonstrated as a professional engineer and president of the CWC. Laura Walters Laura is a 3rd-year graduate student pursuing a Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering under a joint collaboration between McMaster University and the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC). Her research project explores the use of pre-engineered beam hangers in mass timber post-and-beam systems, with a focus on the implications of design and modelling assumptions on the evaluation of structural load paths. Her work provides valuable insights into the design considerations and assumptions required for more accurate and reliable design of mass timber columns when pre-engineered beam hangers are used. Jiawen Shen Jiawen is a 1st year graduate student pursuing a Master in Wood Science at the University of British Columbia. Her research project focuses on the development of binderless composite bark-board cladding and insulation panels that are durable, ignition resistant, carbon neutral, and manufactured from an underutilized by-product that would otherwise be burned, landfilled, or used for low-value purposes. Collaborating with a Vancouver-based architecture firm on this project, her work is key to advancing the commercial application of these innovative cladding products. “This year marks a historic milestone for the Catherine Lalonde Memorial Scholarship program as, for the first time, it is awarded to two exceptional women,” said Martin Richard, VP of Market Development and Communications at the CWC. “Their achievements highlight the outstanding talent driving innovation in wood research and construction. We are inspired by their contributions and the growing diversity shaping the future of wood-based solutions.”

Vandusen Gardens

North Bay Regional Health Centre

Outstanding Wood Buildings

Armstrong-Spallumcheen Arena

Banff Recreation Centre

B.C. Restaurants (The Old Vines & The Hooded Merganser)

CentrePlace Manitoba

Innovative Applications of Engineered Wood

Celebrating Edmonton’s Wood Architecture

Art Gallery of Ontario (Renovation and Addition)

Bill Fisch Forest Stewardship and Education Centre

Oakville Fire Station 8

BP5 – Wood-Frame Construtction: Meeting the Challenge of Earthquakes

BP4 – WOOD-FRAME HOUSING: A NORTH-AMERICAN MARVEL

BP2 – Fire Safety in Residential Buildings

BP1 – Moisture and Wood-Frame Buildings

R-Town Vertical 6 – Mass Timber Midrise – Toronto Ontario

The Roger Bacon Bridge

Green Gables Visitors’ Centre

Metis Crossing Case Study

Arbora – An Exposed Wood Structure in A Major Residential Project

Industrial Buildings – A case study

MEASURING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THROUGH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

IBS5 – Thermal Performance of Light-Frame Assemblies

IBS3 – FIRE RESISTANCE AND SOUND TRANSMISSION

IBS2 – WOOD TRUSSES – STRENGTH, ECONOMY, VERSATILITY

Design Example of Designing for Openings In Wood Diaphragm

DESIGN EXAMPLE OF WOOD DIAPHRAGM USING ENVELOPE METHOD

IBS1 – Moisture and Wood-Frame Buildings

ONTARIO WOOD BRIDGE REFERENCE GUIDE

BP6 – MANAGING MOISTURE AND WOOD

Design Example of Wood Diaphragm on Reinforced CMU Shearwalls

Social & Economic Benefits of Wood Buildings

Resilient and Adaptive Design Using Wood

Ontario Mid-Rise Reference Guide

FIRE SAFETY DESIGN IN BUILDINGS

Fire Safety and Insurance in Commercial Buildings

Vertical Movement In Wood Platform Frame Structures – Basics

Vertical Movement In Wood Platform Frame Structures – Design and Detailing Solutions

Vertical Movement In Wood Platform Frame Structures – Movement Prediction

Wood Use In Low Rise Educational Buildings Ontario Reference Guide 2012

Mid-Rise Best Practice Guide Proven Construction Techniques for Five and Six-Storey Wood-Frame Buildings

Fire Safety and Security – A Technical Note on Fire Safety and Security on Construction Sites In Ontario

Surrey Memorial Hospital Critical Care Tower – Surrey, BC

Timmins Library & Judy A. Shank Integrated Services Building

UBCO Fitness and Wellness Centre – University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus

Vandusen Visitor Centre – Vandusen Botanical Garden – Vancouver, British Columbia

Korean Presbyterian Church – Edmonton, Alberta

Living with Lakes Centre

Long-term Care Facilities – Norview Lodge & Parkwood Mennonite Home

Meadows Community Recreation Centre and Library

Microtel Inn & Suites – Parry Sound, Ontario

Mid-Rise Construction In British Columbia – A Case Study Based on The Remy Project In Richmond, BC

Mountain Equipment Co-op Head Office – Vancouver, BC

Operations Centre – Gulf Islands National Park Reserve

The Richmond Olympic Oval

Rock Community Church – Planned for Growth

Social Services Administration Board – The District of Thunder Bay

Environmental Education Centre – Ralph Klein Legacy Park – Calgary, Alberta

The Grizzly Paw Brewing Company

Hamilton and Oyster River Fire Halls – Richmond and Comox, BC

Innovating with Wood – A Case Study Showcasing Four Demonstration Projects

Innovative Wood Use in BC – A Case Study Showcasing Three Demonstration Projects

Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum – Wembley, AB

Templar Flats – Hamilton, ON

Seismic Design with Wood: Solutions for British Columbia Schools

Celebrating Edmonton’s Wood Architecture

The Mosaic Centre for Conscious Community and Commerce – Edmonton, Alberta

Administration and Training Facility – Alberta Boilers Safety Association

Algonquin College Perth Campus

BC Restaurants – The Old Vines & the Hooded Merganser

BC Schools – Crawford Bay Elementary-Secondary School & Richmond Christian School

Community Resource Centre – Greenfield, Nova Scotia

Edmonton Transit System – LRT Stations

Mid-Rise 2.0 – Innovative Approaches to Mid-Rise Wood Frame Construction

Brock Commons Tallwood House – University of British Columbia Vancouver Campus

Industrial Buildings

Fire Safety and Insurance In Commercial Buildings

R-Town Vertical 6 | Mass Timber Midrise

Oakville Fire Station 8

The Roger Bacon Bridge – Nappan, Nova Scotia

Red Deer College Student Residence – Red Deer, Alberta

Wood in Civic Buildings

80 Atlantic Avenue – Toronto, Ontario

Green Gables Visitors’ Centre – Cavendish, PE

Shane Homes YMCA At Rocky Ridge – Calgary, AB

Wood in Commercial Buildings

Wood Innovation and Design Centre – Prince George, BC

Laurentian University McEwen School of Architecture – Sudbury, ON

Vertical Movement in Wood Platform Structures: Design and Detailing Solutions

IBS4 – Sustainability and Life Cycle Analysis for Residential Buildings

Vertical Movement in Wood Platform Structures: Basics

Ontario Wood Bridge Reference Guide

Addressing Climate Change In The Building Sector – Carbon Emission Reductions

Canada’s Blueprint for Mass Timber Success Unveiled at Parliament Hill

June 13, 2024 (Ottawa)– Earlier today, The Transition Accelerator unveiled The Mass Timber Roadmap at the Press Conference Room in the West Block on Parliament Hill. The comprehensive report outlines an ambitious and strategic vision for the future of mass timber in Canada and its potential to transform green construction and drive economic growth across the country. Developed in partnership with Canadian Wood Council (CWC), Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC), and Energy Futures Lab (EFL), The Mass Timber Roadmap comes after more than a decade of collaborative efforts to unlock and demonstrate potential of mass timber and lays out a visionary plan to increase the mass timber market – both domestic and exports – to $1.2 billion by 2030 and to $2.4 billion by 2035. This ambitious growth aligns with increasing market demand in North America and around the world. By leveraging the power of mass timber solutions, Canada has a unique opportunity to enable the construction of residential and commercial structures at greater speeds, with lower costs, and with a lighter carbon footprint; all while capturing a share of the rapidly growing global market. Achieving targets laid out in The Mass Timber Roadmap requires coordinated efforts across three critical action areas and the report provides actionable next steps, including:  Today’s event on Parliament Hill featured the following speakers who highlighted the roadmap’s goals and the promising future for mass timber in Canada, followed by an engaging Q&A session with journalists: Key Quotes:  “The mass timber sector provides a perfect example of how Canada can add value to its primary resources through innovative technologies and advanced skills. If we act strategically and quickly, we have the opportunity to build an industry that reduces emissions, addresses urgent needs, and positions Canada to win in emerging global value chains.” – Derek Eaton, The Transition Accelerator “To build a world-class mass timber sector, Canada must adopt a strategic approach to ensure we can compete and win globally. This is about smart policy here at home and bringing more Canadian wood to our cities and to the world. By enabling faster, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly construction with mass timber we can grow jobs, help address the affordable housing crunch, and reduce emissions.” – Kate Lindsay, Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) “The potential for Canadian wood products to reduce the carbon footprint of the built environment and drive the growth of a sustainable and prosperous wood industry is immense; however, global competition to capitalize on the significant economic opportunities mass timber presents in the transition to a lower-carbon world will require us to act swiftly to stay competitive and meet rapidly emerging domestic demand.” – Rick Jeffery, Canadian Wood Council (CWC)

Wood Design & Building Awards Winning Projects Announced

Toronto, ON – The Canadian Wood Council is pleased to announce the winning projects of the 40th annual Wood Design & Building Awards program. This prestigious awards program recognizes and celebrates the outstanding work of architectural professionals from around the world who achieve excellence in wood design and construction. “We’re proud to recognize leading innovators in wood design through our awards program,” says Martin Richard, Vice President of Communications and Market Development at the Canadian Wood Council. “This year’s submissions were remarkable in their scope, quality, and variety. They reflect a rising interest in biomaterials and highlight the importance of wood as a versatile, low-carbon, high-performance material, driving the next generation of sustainable buildings.” The jurors for the Wood Design & Building Awards were: A total of 19 winning projects from a diverse group of creators were selected from the impressive field of entries. New this year, the regional WoodWorks program awards from Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta were integrated with the Wood Design & Building Awards. The jurors for the WoodWorks awards were: Fifteen winning projects were selected, with five from each regional program. The creativity and talent of these winning teams, as well as the beauty and diversity of their wood projects, are transforming the built environment. In total, 33 award winners from around the globe were celebrated for excellence in wood design at the Wood Design and Building Awards celebration hosted at the WoodWorks Summit on October 22, 2024. COMPLETE LIST OF AWARD-WINNING PROJECTS FOLLOWS: Honor Merit Citation Sansin Sponsored Awards Sustainable Forestry Initiative Sponsored Award Western Red Cedar Sponsored Award Wood Preservation Sponsored Award WoodWorks Ontario Category WoodWorks BC Category WoodWorks Alberta, Prairie Category  

BUILDEX and Canadian Wood Council Bring Cutting Edge Wood-Based Design and Construction to All Professionals of the Built Environment

Vancouver, BC, September 19, 2024 – Informa Connect and the Canadian Wood Council announce their collaboration, WoodWorks at BUILDEX, integrating WoodWorks’ technical expertise and wood products industry representation into BUILDEX Vancouver, February 26 – 27, 2025. This initiative builds on a shared commitment to advancing Canada’s built environment and expands BUILDEX’s focus on innovative materials, design, and construction practices. WoodWorks at BUILDEX offers an exceptional opportunity for all professionals of the built environment to immerse themselves in the latest innovations in wood-based design and construction through: Rick Jeffery, President and CEO, Canadian Wood Council, emphasized the importance of this collaboration: “Working with Informa Connect to bring WoodWorks to BUILDEX Vancouver in 2025 allows us to concentrate on one of our core strengths—delivering industry-leading educational content, technical support, and access to leading wood product providers—at Canada’s most progressive design, construction and real estate event.” Sherida Sessa, SVP for North America at Informa Connect, added “British Columbia is recognized as a global leader in wood-based design and construction, and this partnership solidifies BUILDEX as a key destination for technical expertise, innovation and leadership in the wood products industry.” WoodWorks at BUILDEX amplifies BUILDEX Vancouver’s core offering to Canadian and North America’s design and construction leaders: timely market insights, respected technical knowledge, transformative networking, and exposure to the materials and technologies at the forefront of Canada’s built environment. BUILDEX Vancouver will take place February 26 – 27, 2025, at the Vancouver Convention Centre West, attracting over 8,500 developers, architects, engineers, builders, designers, suppliers, and real estate professionals. Register now at www.BUILDEXVancouver.com to secure your place and witness the latest in progressive design and construction trends.

Alternative Solutions Guide

Canadian Wood Council and George Brown College’s Brookfield Sustainability Institute to co-host WoodWorks Summit in Toronto

Ottawa, Toronto | 27 March 2024] – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) and George Brown College’s Brookfield Sustainability Institute (BSI) are thrilled to announce a strategic partnership aimed at fostering education in sustainable construction practices. Under this partnership, the CWC and BSI will join forces on various initiatives dedicated to accelerating the adoption of sustainable wood construction. Central to this effort is the WoodWorks Summit, which the organizations will co-host in Toronto October 21-25, 2024. The Summit promises to be a dynamic collection of events that will bring together industry leaders, practitioners, academics, and policymakers to explore the latest advancements, challenges, and opportunities in wood construction and sustainability. “We are excited to embark on this collaborative journey with the Brookfield Sustainability Institute,” said Martin Richard, VP of Market Development and Communications at the Canadian Wood Council. “Together, we aim to drive innovation, share knowledge, and accelerate the adoption of sustainable wood construction.” The WoodWorks Summit will feature an engaging lineup of events, including keynote speeches, panel discussions, tours, and networking sessions. Attendees can expect to engage with cutting-edge research, best practices, and real-world case studies, all aimed at demonstrating the use of wood as an innovative, high-performance, sustainable building material. “Our partnership with the Canadian Wood Council underscores our commitment to advancing sustainability in the built environment,” remarked Jacob Kessler, Director of Business Development & Account Management at the Brookfield Sustainability Institute. “By combining our expertise and resources, we can make significant strides to empower the design and construction community with the practical knowledge and technical resources needed to create healthier, more resilient communities with a reduced carbon footprint.” Through this collaboration, the CWC and BSI aim to catalyze positive change within the construction industry. For more information about the WoodWorks Summit, please visit www.woodworkssummit.ca.

Large-Scale Fire Tests of A Mass Timber Building Structure

The Mass Timber Demonstration Fire Test Program (MTDFTP) included two series of experiments: the pilot scale demonstration tests in summer 2021 in Richmond, BC [1] and the large scale fire tests in summer 2022 in Ottawa, ON. The series of large scale fire tests on a mass timber structure were conducted to study fire safety during construction, fire dynamics and performance in an open plan office space and residential suites, and influence of exposed mass timber on fire severity and duration. As part of its research to inform the advancement of safe and innovative solutions across Canada’s construction industry, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) conducted the technical work and science-based large scale fire tests to support the MTDFTP. NRC was responsible for instrumenting the test structure, setting up fire scenarios and fuel loads, conducting the large scale fire tests, analyzing test data and documenting the results. This report documents the fire scenarios, fuel loads, experimental setups, instrumentation, measurements and procedure used in the large scale fire tests. The experimental data, results of data analysis, key findings and conclusions are provided in the report.  

Timber Bridge Inspection, Maintenance, Restoration and Design Detailing Guide

Canadian Wood Council Unveils New Brand Identity for WoodWorks Program

OTTAWA, Ontario – September 27, 2023 – The Canadian Wood Council (CWC) is delighted to announce the launch of an updated brand identity for its WoodWorks program. This reimagined look created in partnership with agency partner BBDO Canada, improves the accessibility of the brand and establishes an independent visual identity for the Canadian WoodWorks program within a rapidly evolving marketplace. With its simplified, modern design, the brand embraces inclusivity and invites a broader audience to explore the benefits of wood construction and the important role it must play in the future of sustainable development. The newly unveiled brand identity embodies the WoodWorks program’s dedication to technical excellence, environmental responsibility, and service to communities and individuals across Canada.  Martin Richard, Vice-President Communications and Market Development at the Canadian Wood Council, expressed his enthusiasm for the rebrand, stating, “We are pleased to launch this new brand identity which better reflects the quality of WoodWorks’s technical leadership and purpose of the program while signaling our commitment to the environment and people the program serves. It’s an exciting step toward ensuring that the program is clear and accessible to all, reinforcing our dedication to advancing wood construction and sustainable development in Canada and beyond.” The WoodWorks program, under its new brand identity, is focused on expert led technical support to developers, architects, engineers, builders, and other industry professionals who want to expand their capacity for wood design and construction. The program remains committed to the pursuit of technical excellence and to connecting professionals with the information and resources they need to pursue wood construction in all its forms as well as providing valuable resources and educational opportunities. The design ethos of the new brand identity pays homage to Canadian Modernism, honouring a style that is timeless in its simplicity and functionality. The symbol showcases the strength of our collaboration with the AEC+D community in enabling construction with wood. The refreshed colour palette draws inspiration from the organic hues found in our forests, wood products and the many construction sites across Canada. The Canadian Wood Council invites everyone to reacquaint themselves with the WoodWorks program and its new brand identity. High-resolution images of the new brand identity and logos are available upon request.

Canadian Nuclear Laboratories

Canadian Nuclear Laboratories: Case Study and Environmental Impact Analysis This report showcases how Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) delivered three landmark mass timber buildings at its Chalk River campus while meeting the federal government’s net-zero commitments. It highlights how an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach enabled collaboration across architects, engineers, and builders to achieve cost-neutral, low-carbon construction. Readers will learn how the project team reduced embodied and operational carbon well beyond federal targets, demonstrated the fire safety and durability of mass timber, and created high-performance workplaces that enhance occupant well-being. With lessons on procurement, codes, and whole-building life cycle assessment, the case study offers a practical roadmap for governments, designers, and developers aiming to accelerate Canada’s transition to sustainable, net-zero infrastructure.

Promoting Health and Wellness with Wood Architecture

Advancing Mass Timber Systems in Vancouver Schools

Low-Rise Commercial Construction in Wood

Across Canada, the low-rise non-residential sector—think offices, retail stores, warehouses, and restaurants—presents a major growth opportunity for structural wood systems, including light wood-frame, heavy timber, mass timber, and hybrid construction. Together, retail, office, and light industrial warehouse buildings account for nearly 75% of new floor space in this market each year. Yet despite their scale, these segments continue to show low uptake of structural wood. As retailers adapt to the shift toward online shopping and businesses compete to attract talent, the design and performance of their buildings matter more than ever. Wood offers a sustainable, visually appealing solution that enhances employee well-being and elevates commercial spaces. This new technical publication explores the market potential, challenges, and the role wood can play in redefining this sector.

The Canadian Guide to Mid-Rise Wood Construction 2021

Surface Flammability and Flame-Spread Ratings

Fire Separations & Fire-Resistance Ratings

Tall Wood Course of Construction Site Fire Safety

Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: Life Cycle Analysis Comparisons

Climate change is one of the largest threats facing the planet today. The construction industry accounts for 11% of global carbon emissions, playing a significant part in the climate crisis. To determine the best solution for future school buildings, not only does practicability, economy and constructability play a part, so does sustainability. In order to better understand the embodied carbon emissions associated with the construction of new school buildings in British Columbia, the embodied carbon content associated with the four framing systems examples in the companion report, An Analysis of Structural System Cost Comparisons (costing study), was assessed. The purpose of this study is to allow the embodied carbon associated with these systems to become an important factor when choosing a viable scheme. Embodied carbon is the carbon footprint of a material or product. To determine the embodied carbon of a building you must consider the quantity of greenhouse gases associated with the building. The most effective way to measure this is through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), a study which determines the embodied carbon from cradle to grave (material extraction to building demolition). Consequently, an LCA was conducted for each of the four schemes presented in the costing study. Additionally, for wood frame Options A and B, WoodWorks online carbon calculator was used to determine the potential carbon savings associated with carbon sequestering.

Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: An Analysis of Structural System Cost Comparisons

As land values continue to rise, particularly in higher-density urban environments, schools with smaller footprints will become increasingly necessary to satisfy enrollment demands. There are currently several planned new school projects throughout British Columbia that anticipate requiring either three-or four storey buildings, and it is forecast that demand for school buildings of this size will continue to rise. Though timber construction would offer a viable structural material option for these buildings, the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC 2018) currently limits schools comprised of timber construction to a maximum of two storeys, while also imposing limits on the overall floor area. Given these constraints, the development of viable structural options that would accommodate larger and taller schools constructed primarily with timber materials has not been a key focus. With the above factors in mind, the purpose of this report is to build upon the findings of the previously published Design Options for Three- and Four-Storey Wood School Buildings in British Columbia prepared by Fast + Epp and Thinkspace dated November 2019. Specifically, this report supplements the previous one by providing guidance in assessing and comparing the various framing options considered in the previous report primarily on a cost basis.

Wood Design Manual 2020

The Wood Design Manual is the Canadian reference on the design of timber structures, under gravity and lateral loadings, according to Part 4 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) and the “Engineering design in wood” standard (CSA O86). It provides guidance and design examples on sawn and engineered wood members, their connections and fire design. The most common design situations encountered by practicing engineers are covered through intuitive Selection Tables. In addition, the Wood Design Manual contains the latest CSA O86 Standard, as well as a technical commentary written by timber design experts including members of the Standard’s technical committee. The 2020 Wood Design Manual includes a copy of the CSA O86:19 Standard, incorporating Update No.3 – July 2021. The main changes in this edition are:

Canadian Span Book 2020

Design Options for Three- and Four Storey Wood School Buildings in British Columbia

As land values continue to rise, particularly in higher-density urban environments, schools with smaller footprints will become increasingly more necessary to satisfy enrollment demands. There are currently a number of planned new school projects throughout British Columbia that anticipate requiring either three-or four-storey buildings, and it is forecasted that the demand for school buildings of this size will continue to rise. Though timber construction would offer a viable structural material option for these buildings, the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC 2018) currently limits schools comprised of timber construction to a maximum of two storeys, while also imposing limits on the overall floor area. Given these constraints, to date there has not been much effort put into the development of viable structural options that would accommodate larger and taller schools constructed primarily with timber materials. With the above factors in mind, the purpose of this study is to illustrate the range of possible timber construction approaches for school buildings that are up to four storeys in height. Given this emphasis on four-storey construction, this study focuses on the main classroom blocks within a school building, as these portions of the building are the ones that are the most likely to take advantage of an increased number of storeys. While other portions of school buildings, such as gymnasiums, shops, and multi-purpose areas are also strong candidates for wood construction systems, since there are already numerous examples of this type of construction these areas are not emphasized in this report.

Shane Homes YMCA At Rocky Ridge CALGARY, AB

McEwen School of Architecture Case Study

The Span Book 2009

Brock Commons

Origine Pointe-Aux-Lièvres Ecocondos Quebec City

Mid-Rise Best Practice Guide Proven Construction Techniques for Five-and Six-Storey Wood-Frame Buildings

Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum

Ontario Wood Bridge Reference Guide

Introduction to Wood Design 2018

Wood Use In Low Rise Educational Buildings Ontario Reference Guide 2012

Ontario Tall Wood Reference Guide

Templar Flats

Fire Fighting in Canada Article – Timber Tower

Article by Len Garis and Karin Mark.

When assistant deputy fire chief Ray Bryant heard about construction of the tallest wood building in the world in Vancouver, his reaction was predictable. “I thought it was an insane idea,” Bryant said. But once Bryant learned about the compartment-style construction of the student residence at the University of British Columbia, his opinion changed. “I couldn’t believe how safe it is,” he said. Read the article.

Social & Economic Benefits of Wood Buildings

Resilient and Adaptive Design Using Wood

Measuring Potential Environmental Impacts Through Life Cycle Assessment

US Span Book 2017

CLT Firestopping Testing

Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction 2014

Residential Prescriptive Exterior Wood Deck Span Guide

Seismic design with wood

The Mosaic Centre for Conscious Community and Commerce

Bill Fisch Forest Stewardship and Education Centre

Shear Testing of Cross-Laminated Beams

Wood Innovation and Design Centre

Permanent Wood Foundations 2016

Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation of Wall & Floor Assemblies

CLT Diaphragm Properties

Shear Modulus of CLT in plan loading

Monotonic Quasi-Static Testing of CLT Connections

Fire Safety Design In Buildings

Fire Safety and Security: A Technical Note on Fire Safety and Security on Construction Sites In British Columbia

Fire Safety and Security: A Technical Note on Fire Safety and Security on Construction Sites In Ontario

BP6 – Managing Moisture and Wood

BP5 – Wood-Frame Construction: Meeting The Challenge of Earthquakes

BP4 – Wood-Frame Housing: A North-American Marvel

BP3 – Termite Control and Wood-Frame Buildings

BP2 – Fire Safety In Residential Buildings

BP1 – Moisture and Wood-Frame Buildings

IBS5 – Thermal Performance of Light-Frame Assemblies

IBS3 – Fire Resistance and Sound Transmission

IBS2 – Wood Trusses – Strength, Economy, Versatility

IBS1 – Moisture and Wood-Frame Buildings

The Historical Development of the Building Size Limits in the National Building Code of Canada

Ontario Mid-Rise Reference Guide

Design Example of Designing for Openings in Wood Diaphragm

Design Example of Wood Diaphragm on Reinforced CMU Shearwalls

Design Example of Wood Diaphragm Using Envelope Method

Diaphragm Flexibility

Diaphragms are essential to transfer lateral forces in the plane of the diaphragms to supporting shear walls underneath. As the distribution of lateral force to shear walls is dependent on the relative stiffness/flexibility of diaphragm to the shear walls, it is critical to know the stiffness of both diaphragm and shear walls, so that appropriate lateral force applied on shear walls can be assigned. In design, diaphragms can be treated as flexible, rigid or semi-rigid. For a diaphragm that is designated as flexible, the in-plane forces can be assumed to be distributed to the shear walls according to the tributary areas associated with each shear wall. For a diaphragm that is designated as rigid, the loads are assumed to be distributed according to the relative stiffness of the shear walls, with consideration of additional shear force due to torsion for seismic design. In reality, diaphragm is neither purely flexible nor completely rigid, and is more realistically to be treated as semi-rigid. In this case, computer analysis using either plate or diagonal strut elements can be used and the load deflection properties of the diaphragm will result in force distribution somewhere between the flexible and rigid models. However, alternatively envelope approach which takes the highest forces from rigid and flexible assumptions can be used as a conservative estimation in lieu of computer analysis

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Linear Dynamic Analysis for Wood Based Shear Walls and Podium Structures

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