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Wood Design & Building Magazine, vol 25, issue 102

This issue of Wood Design & Building explores how intentional design can carry culture, support community, and foster connection. The projects featured here demonstrate how a clear vision can transform a building into an environment grounded in purpose, identity, and care, reflecting both people and place.

Several projects in this issue centre Indigenous perspectives and priorities. The Membertou First Nation office building, the Weliankweyasimk Women’s Shelter, and the Chief Leonard George residential building each reflect cultural knowledge, respond to community needs, and create spaces of safety, continuity, and belonging.

Wood is a consistent presence throughout. Long associated with shelter and refuge, it is also a material of gathering, warmth, and shared experience. It is no coincidence that projects grounded in human wellbeing so often turn to wood. This connection is present in many cultures. Our WoodWare feature on FinnFox, for example, highlights the part wooden saunas play supporting health and building community in Nordic (and Canadian) sauna culture.

At the same time, building with wood is not simply a return to the past. While it reconnects us with cultural knowledge and longstanding practices, it also reflects a growing recognition of wood as a high-performance, renewable material for contemporary construction. This is evident in the Chief Leonard George Building, Canada’s first tall mass timber residential building constructed to the Passive House standard. It demonstrates how thoughtful wood design can both preserve cultural continuity and point toward the future of high-performance, low-carbon construction.

Acoustics

Codes & Standards

Acoustics

Wood is composed of many small cellular tubes that are predominantly filled with air. The natural composition of the material allows for wood to act as an effective acoustical insulator and provides it with the ability to dampen vibrations. These sound-dampening characteristics allow for wood construction elements to be specified where sound insulation or amplification is required, such as libraries and auditoriums. Another important acoustical property of wood is its ability to limit impact noise transmission, an issue commonly associated with harder, more dense materials and construction systems.

The use of topping or a built-up floating floor system overlaid on light wood frame or mass timber structural elements is a common approach to address acoustic separation between floors of a building. Depending on the type of materials in the built-up floor system, the topping can be applied directly to the wood structural members or over top of a moisture barrier or resilient layer. The use of gypsum board, absorptive (batt/loose-fill) insulation and resilient channels are also critical components of a wood-frame wall or floor assembly that also contribute to the acoustical performance of the overall assembly.

Acoustic design considers a number of factors, including building location and orientation, as well as the insulation or separation of noise-producing functions and building elements. Sound Transmission Class (STC), Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC) and Impact Insulation Class (IIC) ratings are used to establish the level of acoustic performance of building products and systems. The different ratings can be determined on the basis of standardized laboratory testing or, in the case of ASTC ratings, calculated using methodologies described in the NBC.

Currently, the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) only regulates the acoustical design of interior wall and floor assemblies that separate dwelling units (e.g. apartments, houses, hotel rooms) from other units or other spaces in a building. The STC rating requirements for interior wall and floor assemblies are intended to limit the transmission of airborne noise between spaces. The NBC does not mandate any requirements for the control of impact noise transmission through floor assemblies. Footsteps and other impacts can cause severe annoyance in multifamily residences. Builders concerned about quality and reducing occupant complaints will ensure that floors are designed to minimize impact transmission.

Beyond conforming to the minimum requirements of the NBC in residential occupancies, designers can also establish acoustic ratings for design of non-residential projects and specify materials and systems to ensure the building performs at that level. In addition to limiting transmission of airborne noise through internal structural walls and floors, flanking transmission of sound through perimeter joints and sound transmission through non-structural partition walls should also be considered during the acoustical design.

Further information and requirements related to STC, ASTC and IIC ratings are provided in Appendix A of the NBC in sections A-9.10.3.1. and A-9.11.. This includes, inter alia, Tables 9.10.3.1-A and 9.10.3.1.-B that provide generic data on the STC ratings of different types of wood stud walls and STC and IIC ratings for different types of wood floor assemblies, respectively. Tables A-9.11.1.4.-A to A-9.11.1.4.-D present generic options for the design and construction of junctions between separating and flanking assemblies. Constructing according to these options is likely to meet or exceed an ASTC rating of 47 that is mandated by the NBC. Table A-Table 9.11.1.4. presents data about generic floor treatments that can be used to improve the flanking sound insulation performance of lightweight framed floors, i.e., additional layers of material over the subfloor (e.g. concrete topping, OSB or plywood) and finished flooring or coverings (e.g., carpet, engineered wood).

Insurance, Woodworks

Guideline to Insuring Timber in Canada

To ensure that the financial investment of a construction project can be protected in the event of unexpected circumstances and project derailment, builders are required to obtain Builder’s Risk Insurance, also known as “Course of Construction” insurance.

In Canada, timber construction is utilized primarily in the residential market, with notable applications in low-rise industrial, institutional, and commercial buildings. The insurance rates for timber, classified as combustible construction, are generally much higher than that of non-combustible alternatives. Since timber applications have been consistent in the aforementioned markets, the associated insurance has not been substantial relative to overall project budget. However, with recent code changes and advancements in mass timber products, we can build larger and taller with timber than ever before, leading to changes in insurance rates as well.

The methodology for determining insurance rates for taller wood buildings is similar to that of low-rise builds. Combine that with the relatively new nature of these building typologies and the nuances of a stressed insurance market, we are seeing policies that are becoming a significant cost of the overall project budget.

This document is intended to support your timber builds by outlining practical steps to ensure that your application for insurance is favourable, and that your project is maximizing the potential to mitigate risk. Developed with the input of insurance stakeholders, we are confident that this insider insight will increase the success of your project.

An Overview of Sustainable Forestry in Canada for Architecture and Engineering Students 2022

Resource Description

Canada: A Forest Country

With 362 million hectares of forest, Canada is the third-most forested country in the world.

Acknowledgments

Prepared by:

The Mass Timber Institute at the University of Toronto’s John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design for the Canadian Wood Council.

Lead Authors

Monique Dosanjh
Shan Shukla
Sanjana Patel
Dr. Anne Koven

Usage and Citation Guidelines

Coming soon

Offsite Construction in Ontario: A Practical and Diligent Path Forward

Course Overview

From the housing supply deficit to affordability issues and labour challenges, several conditions have been supporting a renewed interest for innovation in construction practices. Offsite construction is often identified as a promising approach to improve the way we build. This session explores the current market characteristics which are conducive to offsite practices, including the consistent shift towards multifamily construction in Ontario. It also identifies the numerous potential benefits of shifting the construction process from site to factory. The speakers will discuss underlying assumptions and conditions and questions such as: Are the promised benefits tangible and quantifiable? Do savings actually reach a project’s bottom line? Do all of the benefits apply to specific applications?

Learning Objectives

Identify market, labour, and housing conditions in Ontario that are driving interest in offsite and wood-based construction systems.
Evaluate the practical benefits and limitations of offsite construction using mass timber and panelized wood systems.
Assess when offsite construction provides measurable value at the project level, including cost, schedule, quality, and risk considerations.

Course Video

https://vimeo.com/1147113540

Speakers Bio

Mike Schmidt
President
Auto Construct Incorporated

A Tool & Die Maker with a Masters’ Degree in Business Administration, Mike understands manufacturing from the ground up. He spent his formative years as an executive in the automotive industry; working for world-class, multinational corporations such as Magna International and ArcelorMittal. In 2017, Mike established Auto Construct Incorporated (ACI), a management consulting firm, to accelerate the industrialization of residential construction. Specializing in the conversion from stick-built to offsite construction, Mike has led and facilitated the growth of several companies to become dominant players in their respective fields. ACI provides education, guidance, and implementation support in the areas of business development, manufacturing systems, technology selection, and factory start-ups. ACI serves a broad range of land developers, construction firms, homebuilders, and manufacturing companies throughout Canada and the United States.

Wood Products

The Basics

Plank Decking

Plank decking may be used to span farther and carry greater loads than panel products such as plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). Plank decking is often used where the appearance of the decking is desired as an architectural feature or where the fire performance must meet the heavy timber construction requirements outlined in Part 3 of the National Building Code of Canada. Plank decking is usually used in mass timber or post and beam structures and is laid with the flat or wide face over supports to provide a structural deck for floors and roofs.

Plank decking can be used in either wet or dry service conditions and can be treated with preservatives, dependent on the wood species. Nails and deck spikes are used to fasten adjacent pieces of plank decking to one another and are also used to fasten the deck to its supports.

Decking is generally available in the following species:

Douglas fir (D.Fir-L species combination)
Pacific coast hemlock (Hem-Fir species combination)
Various species of spruce, pine and fir (S-P-F species combination)
Western red cedar (Northern species combination)

In order to product plank decking, sawn lumber is milled into a tongue and groove profile with special surface machining, such as a V-joint. Plank decking is normally produced in three thicknesses: 38 mm (1-1/2 in), 64 mm (2-1/2 in) and 89 mm (3-1/2 in). The 38 mm (1-1/2 in) decking has a single tongue and groove while the thicker sizes have a double tongue and groove. Thicknesses greater than 38 mm (1-1/2 in) also have 6 mm (1/4 in) diameter holes at 760 mm (2.5 ft) spacing so that each piece may be nailed to the adjacent one with deck spikes. The standard sizes and profiles are shown below.

Plank decking is most readily available in random lengths of 1.8 to 6.1 m (6 to 20 ft). Decking can be ordered in specific lengths, but limited availability and extra costs should be expected. A typical specification for random lengths could require that at least 90 percent of the plank decking be 3.0 m (10 ft) and longer, and at least 40 percent be 4.9 m (16 ft) and longer.

Plank decking is available in two grades:

Select grade (Sel)
Commercial grade (Com)

Select grade has a higher quality appearance and is also stronger and stiffer than commercial grade.

Plank decking is required to be manufactured in accordance with CSA O141 and graded under the NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber. Since plank decking is not grade stamped like dimensional lumber, verification of the grade should be obtained in writing from the supplier or a qualified grading agency should be retained to check the supplied material.

To minimize shrinkage and warping, plank decking consists of sawn lumber members that are dried to a moisture content of 19 percent or less at the time of surfacing (S-Dry). The use of green decking can result in the loosening of the tongue and groove joint over time and a reduction in structural and serviceability performance.

Individual planks can span simply between supports, but are generally random lengths spanning several supports for economy and to take advantage of increased stiffness. There are three methods of installing plank decking: controlled random, simple span and two span continuous. A general design rule for controlled random plank decking is that spans should not be more than 600 mm (2 ft) longer than the length which 40 percent of the decking shipment exceeds. Both the latter methods of installation require planks of predetermined length and a consequently there could be an associated cost premium.

Profiles and Sizes of Plank Decking