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Promoting Health and Wellness with Wood Architecture

The year 2020 will forever be synonymous with COVID-19. After experiencing the pandemic and its ripple effects, few would question the importance of health and wellness. What people may not consider is the impact that our surrounding environments have on our health. Research shows that incorporating wood and other natural elements into buildings can have a positive effect on occupants’ overall health and well-being. The term for this effect is called biophilia, which refers to humanity’s innate need to connect with nature.

Many industries are embracing biophilic design and its benefits. Employers are eager to create inviting spaces for their teams, hospital designs have shifted from cold and industrial-like to bright environments with wayfinding elements, and homeowners are expanding their living spaces with decks, fences, and pergolas so they can gather with friends and family outdoors. The wellness impacts of wood extend beyond the biophilic advantages of finished spaces. Mass timber buildings also benefit workers throughout the construction process by reducing construction time, and prefabricated elements contribute to cleaner, safer building sites.

The team at the Canadian Wood Council/Wood WORKS! is committed to providing design and construction professionals with the tools and information needed to build with wood. We’re going taller, we’re getting bigger, and, from coast to coast, we’re not stopping. Building with wood is the right choice, for the environment and for everyone’s well-being.

Wood Design Awards, 2022

Specification Guide for Non-Residential Pressure Treated Wood Products

Wood is the only renewable building material within the three major building material types. In exterior applications, wood is subject to deterioration from natural elements and biological attack, but when properly protected, its service life can be extended for many years. The most effective way of protecting exposed wood is the use of wood preservatives. Preserved wood products can have 5 to 10 times the service life of untreated wood. This extension of life saves the equivalent of 12.5% of Canada’s annual log harvests (source durable-wood.com).

The preservation of the wood is important, especially when it is specified for use in critical infrastructure applications such as railway ties, bridge timbers, utility poles and guardrail posts for highways. Pressure treated wood ensures that these critical structures remain strong and safe for the duration of their service lives. Pressure treated wood products are also commonly used in agricultural applications such fence rails, posts and building poles, as well as in commercial decks, fences, and other heavy duty outdoor applications. Depending on the required application and the level of protection needed for the wood products, there are a variety pressure treatment methods and approved preservatives that are available in Canada.

Pressure treatment is a process that forces preservatives into the wood to protect against fungal decay and destructive insects such as termites and marine borers. In Canada, wood preservatives are registered with Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). Individual treating facilities undergo regular environmental assessments and follow the recommendations for the design and operation of wood preservative facilities as outlined in Environment Canada’s Technical Recommendation Document (TRD).

Wood Design Awards, 2021

Low-Rise Commercial Construction in Wood

Across Canada, the low-rise non-residential sector—think offices, retail stores, warehouses, and restaurants—presents a major growth opportunity for structural wood systems, including light wood-frame, heavy timber, mass timber, and hybrid construction.

Together, retail, office, and light industrial warehouse buildings account for nearly 75% of new floor space in this market each year. Yet despite their scale, these segments continue to show low uptake of structural wood.

As retailers adapt to the shift toward online shopping and businesses compete to attract talent, the design and performance of their buildings matter more than ever. Wood offers a sustainable, visually appealing solution that enhances employee well-being and elevates commercial spaces.

This new technical publication explores the market potential, challenges, and the role wood can play in redefining this sector.

The Canadian Guide to Mid-Rise Wood Construction 2021

The Mid-Rise project and the ensuing publication were conceived in order to provide a guide for opportunities that have been created by Canadian Code Provisions progressing, allowing 6 storey wood buildings over at least a decade.

The foundation for some of the ideas contained within, came from the Wood WORKS! program hosting regional focus groups, made up of key industry stakeholders. They were held at various locations across Canada during 2019. From the focus-group conversations and the research gathered and analyzed, it was evident that each province was at varying degrees of adoption, understanding and application for wood buildings up to 6 storeys. The opportunities that are available for wood use in mid-rise development are varied and many and it is hoped that some of the illustrations and information contained inside this guide will continue to inspire the design and construction industry.

The Code Matrix captures the variations of code provisions currently in use in each of the Canadian provinces, and highlights Part 3,4 and 5 requirements for wood buildings up to 6 storeys in height. Permissible building types, heights and areas, permitted mixed major occupancies, required fire resistance ratings and sprinkler provisions are illustrated.

The flow of the sections is laid out to mirror basic project planning steps that are generally undertaken by design teams. A keen understanding of what is allowed by code, creates the conversation around ideas for buildings and potential project opportunities. The location of a site, how it fits into local planning and zoning regulations, and a business case that makes it achievable, are all stages a design team navigates early with a client. Many factors drive the business case. Goals set early for greener and environmentally sustainable development, applications of sustainable materials having significantly lower embodied carbon, can be incorporated into design principles. Schedule often drives design and project efficiency, creating consideration into using prefabricated and modular wood structural systems.

Part 5 of the guide contains some technical considerations for 5- and 6- storey wood buildings is laid out to help designers better understand some of the practical considerations needed for the construction and design of mid-rise wood buildings. It is written for design professionals in the construction industry, and builders with the necessary skills to consider taller wood buildings.

This guide is illustrated to be relevant to all design and building professionals involved in building our future environments, including architects, engineers, the development community, material suppliers, manufacturers, building inspectors, municipal officials and planners, project managers, contractors, innovators, and the general public at large.

Wood Design Awards, 2020

Surface Flammability and Flame-Spread Ratings

The rate at which flame spreads on the exposed interior surfaces or a room or space can have an impact on the rate of fire growth within an area, especially if the materials of the exposed surfaces are highly flammable. Therefore, the National Building Code of Canada (NBC)¹ regulates the surface flammability of any material that forms part of the interior surface of walls, ceilings and, in some cases, floors, in buildings. Based on a standard fire-test method, the NBC uses a rating system to quantify surface flammability that allows comparison of one material to another, and the ratings within that system are called flame-spread ratings (FSR).

For some buildings, the smoke generated by materials or products lining some areas of the building when they burn is also regulated by the NBC. Since it may take some additional time for occupants to exit the building, this applies to all unsprinklered high buildings and all elevators or Group B occupancies in high buildings. The FSR and SDC is also regulated for some materials used in ducts and plenums. The smoke produced from a material or product is measured and quantified through another rating system, based on a standard fire-test method — the smoke developed classification (SDC). For most wood products used as interior finishes, both of these properties — the FSR and the SDC — are to be determined in accordance with CAN/ULC-S102, “Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies.”² For flooring, CAN/ULC-S102.2 “Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Coverings, and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies is to be used when a SDC or FSR is required.

Tall Wood Course of Construction Site Fire Safety

The vulnerability of any building, regardless of the material used, in a fire situation is higher during the construction phase when compared to the susceptibility of the building after it has been completed and occupied. This is because the risks and hazards found on a construction site differ both in nature and potential impact from those in a completed building; and these risks are occurring at a time when the fire prevention elements that are designed to be part of the completed building are not yet in place. For these reasons, construction site fire safety includes some unique challenges. Developing an understanding of these hazards and their potential risks is the first step towards fire prevention and mitigation during the course of construction (CoC).

Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: Life Cycle Analysis Comparisons

Climate change is one of the largest threats facing the planet today. The construction industry accounts for 11% of global carbon emissions, playing a significant part in the climate crisis. To determine the best solution for future school buildings, not only does practicability, economy and constructability play a part, so does sustainability.

In order to better understand the embodied carbon emissions associated with the construction of new school buildings in British Columbia, the embodied carbon content associated with the four framing systems examples in the companion report, An Analysis of Structural System Cost Comparisons (costing study), was assessed. The purpose of this study is to allow the embodied carbon associated with these systems to become an important factor when choosing a viable scheme.

Embodied carbon is the carbon footprint of a material or product. To determine the embodied carbon of a building you must consider the quantity of greenhouse gases associated with the building. The most effective way to measure this is through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), a study which determines the embodied carbon from cradle to grave (material extraction to building demolition). Consequently, an LCA was conducted for each of the four schemes presented in the costing study. Additionally, for wood frame Options A and B, WoodWorks online carbon calculator was used to determine the potential carbon savings associated with carbon sequestering.

Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: An Analysis of Structural System Cost Comparisons

As land values continue to rise, particularly in higher-density urban environments, schools with smaller footprints will become increasingly necessary to satisfy enrollment demands. There are currently several planned new school projects throughout British Columbia that anticipate requiring either three-or four storey buildings, and it is forecast that demand for school buildings of this size will continue to rise.

Though timber construction would offer a viable structural material option for these buildings, the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC 2018) currently limits schools comprised of timber construction to a maximum of two storeys, while also imposing limits on the overall floor area. Given these constraints, the development of viable structural options that would accommodate larger and taller schools constructed primarily with timber materials has not been a key focus.

With the above factors in mind, the purpose of this report is to build upon the findings of the previously published Design Options for Three- and Four-Storey Wood School Buildings in British Columbia prepared by Fast + Epp and Thinkspace dated November 2019. Specifically, this report supplements the previous one by providing guidance in assessing and comparing the various framing options considered in the previous report primarily on a cost basis.

Wood Design Manual 2020

The Wood Design Manual is the Canadian reference on the design of timber structures, under gravity and lateral loadings, according to Part 4 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) and the “Engineering design in wood” standard (CSA O86). It provides guidance and design examples on sawn and engineered wood members, their connections and fire design. The most common design situations encountered by practicing engineers are covered through intuitive Selection Tables. In addition, the Wood Design Manual contains the latest CSA O86 Standard, as well as a technical commentary written by timber design experts including members of the Standard’s technical committee.

The 2020 Wood Design Manual includes a copy of the CSA O86:19 Standard, incorporating Update No.3 – July 2021. The main changes in this edition are:

  1. Updates to NBC 2020, including guidance on the new “transient live load” in serviceability load combinations.
  2. New sawn lumber joist vibration tables, based on the new vibration design method in O86:19 Annex A.
  3. Updated bending and tension tables for Hem-Fir beam and stringer grade, based on the changes in Hem-Fir design values in O86:19.
  4. Updated CLT deflection tables, based on the removal of the 1.2 form factor in O86:19.
  5. Updated CLT combined loading tables, again, based on the removal of the 1.2 form factor in O86:19.
  6. Improved bolt tables that can be directly used to obtain bolt resistances and failure modes.
  7. Updated shearwall and diaphragm selection tables based on the new alternative f1 equation.
  8. Updated design example of CLT shearwall to account for O86:19 additional provisions and provides design and deflection expressions for multi-panel CLT shearwalls.
Promoting Health and Wellness with Wood Architecture
Specification Guide for Non-Residential Pressure Treated Wood Products
The Canadian Guide to Mid-Rise Wood Construction 2021
Surface Flammability and Flame-Spread Ratings
Tall Wood Course of Construction Site Fire Safety
Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: Life Cycle Analysis Comparisons
Four-Storey Wood School Design in British Columbia: An Analysis of Structural System Cost Comparisons

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